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GS3 Flashcards

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1
Q

glacial lake outburst

A

sudden relaese of significant amount of water retained in glacier

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2
Q

GLOF

A

1.glaciers are set to lose 30-50% of their volumes compare to 2015 by 2100 due to global warming
2.more than 9 million people in high mountain area (HMA) are vulnerable to GLOF
:ICIMODs hindkudh himsysn assesmet report

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3
Q

GLOF incident

A

kedarnath-2013
chamoli-2021
sikkim-2023

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4
Q

earthquake

A

sudden,rapid shaking of earth caused by release of accumulated stress on moving lithosphere or crustal plates

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5
Q

EQ

A

55% OF INDIAN landmass prone to earthquake
11% fall in highest eq zone V

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6
Q

Major Earthquakes:

A

1.2001 Gujarat Earthquake: Magnitude 7.7,
2.2015 Nepal Earthquake: Magnitude 7.8,
3.2022 Joshimath Earthquake: Magnitude 5.8,
4.2023: A notable earthquake struck the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with a magnitude of 6.0,
5.2024: A series of small to moderate earthquakes have been recorded in the Himalayan region,

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7
Q

landslides

A

A landslide is the movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope due to gravity. Landslides can be triggered by factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, or human activities.

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8
Q

landslides

A

The Economic Survey of India (2021-22) reported that natural disasters, including landslides, have led to substantial economic losses, with the cost of recovery often exceeding billions of dollars.
4.75% area-highly susceptible area
1. national landslide suseptibility mapping progrm by geological survey of india
2.landslides atlas of india by remote sensin centre of ISRO

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9
Q

disaster management

A

Disaster management refers to the systematic process of planning, organizing, coordinating, and implementing measures to prevent, mitigate, respond to, and recover from disasters

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10
Q

disaster

A

India is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), over 70% of India’s landmass is prone to earthquakes, and over 60% is prone to cyclones.

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11
Q

Government Initiatives:

A

1.National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):
Established in 2005, NDMA is the apex body responsible for formulating policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management.
2.Disaster Management Act (2005):
This act provides the legal framework for disaster management and outlines the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders.
3.National Disaster Response Force (NDRF):
Created in 2006, NDRF is a specialized force trained for disaster response and recovery.
4.State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs):
Each state has its own disaster management authority to coordinate responses at the regional level.
5.National Policy on Disaster Management (2009):
This policy aims to provide a framework for disaster risk reduction and emphasizes a proactive approach.
6.Early Warning Systems:
The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and other agencies have developed early warning systems for cyclones, floods, and earthquakes.
7.Disaster Management Training:
Various training programs and simulations are conducted for officials, emergency responders, and the public to enhance preparedness and response capabilities.

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12
Q

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 is a global initiative adopted during the Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan, in March 2015.

A

Understanding Disaster Risk:
Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance:
Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction:
Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Response:
Building Back Better:

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13
Q

sendai Goals:

A

1.Reduction in Disaster Mortality: Aim to reduce global disaster mortality by 2030.
2.Reduction in Affected Population: Reduce the number of people affected by disasters.
3.Reduction in Economic Losses: Decrease the economic losses caused by disasters, focusing on infrastructure and livelihoods.
4.Increase in Resilience: Enhance resilience through the integration of disaster risk reduction into national and local policies

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14
Q

flood and drought

A

12% and 68% : home ministry

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15
Q

coastal erosion

A

According to the National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, approximately 33% of India’s coastline has been experiencing varying degrees of erosion.

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16
Q

coatal erssoion committe

A

NITI Aayog’s Report:
Recommends promoting sustainable tourism, enhancing coastal infrastructure resilience, and implementing strict regulations against sand mining and illegal constructions.

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17
Q

coastal rosion committe

A

Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS):

Suggests developing early warning systems for coastal erosion and sea-level rise, along with capacity building for coastal communities.

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18
Q

cyclone and tsunami

A

5700/7500km coastline is vulnerable

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19
Q

oilspils

A

release of liquid petroeum hydrocarbon into environment sepecially marine areas
cause
1. equipment breakdown by human error
2. deliberate acts by illeal dumbing
3.naturall disasters like hurricane
4.accidents involving tankers and refineries

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20
Q

oilsplil initiatives1.

A

1.national oilspill disaster contingency plan1996- indian coastal guard nodal agency
2.merchant shipping act,1958-prevention and contaminaton of sea by oil
3. MARPOL convention

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21
Q

NDC-INDIA

A

1.reduce emisson intensity of 45% of GDP by 2030 from 2005 level
2.achieve 50% cumulative electric power from nonfossilfuel resource by 2030
3.create additional carbon sink 3 billion tons of co2 equivelant through additional forests and tree cover by 2030

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22
Q

panchamitra

A

net zero by 2070
increase nonfossil fuel capacity to 500GW by 2030
50% enery requirement from non fossilfuel by 2030
reduce carbon intensity of 45% gdp by 2030

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23
Q

cc resilience traditional oractices

A

kuttanad kuliyanam rice
megalaya bamboo drip irrigation
dhajji-dewari and taq system of kashmir valley
sacred rooves
zabo rainwter harvesting

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24
Q

cc report on ipcc

A

Over 45% of the global population, were
living in areas highly vulnerable to climate change.

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25
IPCC Assessment Report 6(AR6-2021)
Avg temp level will increase over the level of pre-industrial era by o 1.5°in 20 years o 2°by 2050 UNFCC Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Synthesis Report 2021- The current efforts will help only limit temp by 1°C
26
climate finance
$5.7 trillion needed every year out of which $4 trillion is required in developing countries (Economic Survey 2018)
27
co2 emmision
Indiais the World’s 3 largest Country with CO2 Emitter after China and USA India contributes to 6.8% (2021) of world CO2 emissions while has around 16% of World’s Population (Global Carbon Budget 2020)
28
so2
India contributes 21% of global SO2 emissions India is worlds largest SO2 emitter
29
population and cc
By 2050, the world population will increase by 2 billion thus productivity of agriculture must increase by 60% (FAO)
30
Global e-waste monitor Report 2020
Globally 53 Million Tons India: 3.23 million Tons( increased 2.5 times in just 6 years) India: India 3" largest e-waste producer
31
lancert report
18% of the total deaths in India are due to Air Pollution India lost 1.4% of GDP due to premature mortality and morbidity due to pollution
32
Area Coverage: wetland
India has about 7.58 million hectares of wetlands, covering nearly 4.7% of the country's geographical area. These include inland wetlands like lakes and ponds, as well as coastal wetlands such as mangroves and mudflats. Source: National Wetland Atlas, Space Applications Centre, ISRO
33
Biodiversity:
Wetlands in India support approximately 20% of the country's biodiversity. They are home to numerous species of birds, fish, amphibians, and plants, many of which are endemic or endangered. Source: Wetlands International South Asia
34
climate change evolution
1972- intl. env summit @ stockholm late 1970s- WMO cc conern 1988- est. IPCC - to R&D on cc 1992- UNFCC - first agreement on cc @ rio earth summit 2005- kyoto protocol 2015- paris agreement
35
kyoto protocol
Mechanisms for Compliance: Emissions Trading: Allowed countries that had excess emission allowances (i.e., they emitted less than their permitted level) to sell this excess capacity to countries that were over their targets. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): Permitted Annex I countries to invest in emission-reduction projects in developing countries, thereby earning saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits. Joint Implementation (JI): Allowed Annex I countries to earn emission reduction units (ERUs) from projects in other Annex I countries.
36
popln compo
About 65% of the population is below the age of 35, indicating a large proportion of working-age individuals. National Commission on Population (NCP), "Population Projections for India and States 2011-2036."
37
Working-Age Population:
The working-age population (15-64 years) is expected to reach around 67% of the total population by 2030.
38
Economic Impact:
The potential economic impact of the demographic dividend could contribute an additional 2% to GDP growth per annum, if harnessed effectively.
39
The High-Level Committee on the Demographic Dividend (2013):
Recommended improvements in educational quality and vocational training to maximize the potential of the young workforce. Suggested policy measures for health care and employment to sustain the economic benefits of the demographic dividend.
40
The NITI Aayog Report:
Advocates for comprehensive reforms in education, skill development, and employment creation to fully capitalize on the demographic dividend. Stresses the importance of integrating technology and innovation in various sectors to create more job opportunities.
41
education:
The Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) for higher education has increased to 27.1% as of 2022. Source: Ministry of Education, Government of India.
42
Technology and Startups:
India has the world’s third-largest startup ecosystem, with over 80,000 startups, many led by young entrepreneurs. Source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry
43
Agriculture:
With a young population entering agriculture, there is a potential increase in productivity through technology adoption and modernization. Source: Agricultural Census 2015-16,
44
NITI Aayog's Strategy for New India @ 75:
Focuses on enhancing skill development, education, and employment opportunities to leverage the demographic dividend.
45
GDP Growth Rate:
2024: The IMF projected India's GDP growth rate to be approximately 6.1% for 2024. IMF World Economic Outlook. GDP (Nominal): 2023: India’s nominal GDP was around $3.73 trillion. World Bank. GDP Growth Rate: As of 2024, India's GDP growth rate is estimated to be around 6.0% to 6.5% (source: Reserve Bank of India, RBI).
46
FDI Inflows:
2023: India attracted $45 billion in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).
47
Unemployment Rate:
2024: The unemployment rate in India was around 7.4%. Government of India, Ministry of Labour & Employment.
48
Inflation Rate:
2024: India’s inflation rate was approximately 5.2%. Reserve Bank of India.
49
Poverty Reduction:
According to the World Bank, India reduced its poverty rate from 22.5% in 2011 to about 17% in 2023. (Source: World Bank, Poverty and Equity Data)
50
Investment in Infrastructure:
The Indian government has allocated approximately ₹10 lakh crore (about $120 billion) for infrastructure development in the 2024-25 fiscal year (source: Ministry of Finance).
51
Digital Economy:
India’s digital economy is estimated to reach $1 trillion by 2025, driven by increasing internet penetration and e-commerce growth. (Source: NITI Aayog)
52
Infrastructure Development:
The government has committed to spending $1.4 trillion on infrastructure projects under the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) by 2025. (Source: Ministry of Finance, Government of India)
53
Fiscal Deficit:
India’s fiscal deficit is estimated to be around 6.0% of GDP for FY 2024-25. (Source: Economic Survey 2024)
54
Public Sector Resources:
As of 2023, the government of India mobilized approximately ₹35 trillion (around $450 billion) through various taxes and non-tax revenues. (Ministry of Finance, Government of India)
55
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
In FY 2022-23, India attracted $85 billion in FDI. (Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade)
56
Public Debt:
India's public debt stood at around ₹157 trillion (approximately $2 trillion) in 2023, which is a concern for fiscal sustainability. (RBI Annual Report)
57
Corruption and Leakages:
Corruption and leakages in public expenditure are estimated to cost the Indian economy about 1-2% of GDP annually. (Transparency International India)
58
Underutilization of Resources:
Reports indicate that around 30% of allocated resources for various development schemes are underutilized or mismanaged. (Planning Commission Report)
59
Per Capita Income:
2023: The per capita income in India was around $2,100 World Bank.
60
committe on economy
NITI Aayog's Five-Year Plan: Emphasizes increasing investments in infrastructure and enhancing the ease of doing business. RBI Committee on Financial Sector Reforms: Suggests measures to improve financial stability and reduce NPAs. Bhagwati Committee Report: Recommends reforms to enhance labor market flexibility and employment generation. Economic Advisory Council Recommendations: Focuses on policy measures to stimulate growth in key sectors like manufacturing and services. Chaired by Raghuram Rajan: Recommendations on improving regulatory frameworks and financial inclusion. High-Level Committee on Infrastructure: Advocates for increased public-private partnerships to address infrastructure gaps. Task Force on Digital Economy: Recommends strategies to bolster digital infrastructure and cybersecurity. Expert Committee on Agricultural Reforms: Suggests reforms to improve agricultural productivity and support for farmers.
61
Space Exploration:
India’s Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) remains one of the most cost-effective missions to Mars, showcasing advanced space capabilities. (Source: ISRO)
62
Urbanization:
Over 35% of India's population lives in urban areas, with significant investments in smart cities and urban infrastructure. (Source: Census 2021)
63
Income Inequality:
The Gini coefficient for India, a measure of income inequality, is around 0.35. (Source: World Bank)
64
Labour Force Participation Rate:
India's labour force participation rate is around 52% (source: World Bank).
65
Youth Unemployment:
Youth unemployment (ages 15-24) is notably higher, estimated at 15% (source: International Labour Organization).
66
Informal Sector:
Approximately 80% of India's workforce is employed in the informal sector (source: International Labour Organization).
67
Skill Mismatch:
About 30% of employed individuals report a mismatch between their skills and job requirements (source: National Skill Development Corporation).
68
Start-ups and Entrepreneurship: India has seen a rise in start-ups, with over 100,000 registered start-ups as of 2024 (source: Ministry of Commerce and Industry).
Government Schemes: Programs like the Pradhan Mantri Rojgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY) and Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) aim to enhance employment opportunities (source: Ministry of Labour and Employment).
69
Education Access
: The Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) in primary education is nearly 95% as of 2023.
70
Financial Inclusion:
The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) has opened over 450 million bank accounts as of 2024.
71
Access to Sanitation:
As per the Swachh Bharat Mission, over 100 million toilets were constructed, improving sanitation access.
72
Digital Inclusion:
Over 800 million people are internet users, representing significant digital growth. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) schemes have reached over 1 billion beneficiaries.
73
Education Quality:
Only 52% of students in grade 5 can read a grade 2 text (ASER Report, 2023).
74
Infrastructure Deficits:
Rural roads are in poor condition, with about 30% needing repair (Ministry of Rural Development, 2023).
75
Gender Disparity:
Women’s labor force participation is around 24%, compared to 80% for men (World Bank, 2023).
76
Environmental Challenges:
Air pollution in major cities often exceeds safe limits by over 200%.
77
Food Security:
Nearly 20% of children under five are underweight (NFHS-5, 2021).
78
Total Budget Size:
The Union Budget for FY 2024-25 is approximately ₹45.6 trillion (Source: Ministry of Finance, India).
79
Revenue Receipts:
Expected to be around ₹27.5 trillion for FY 2024-25 (Source: Economic Survey 2024).
80
Fiscal Deficit:
Targeted at 4.5% of GDP for FY 2024-25 (Source: Union Budget 2024-25).
81
Capital Expenditure:
Allocated ₹7.5 trillion for infrastructure development (Source: Ministry of Finance, India).
82
Tax Revenue:
Projected to be ₹22 trillion for FY 2024-25 (Source: Union Budget 2024-25).
83
Public Debt:
Estimated to be around 58% of GDP (Source: Economic Survey 2024).
84
Social Sector Spending:
Allocated ₹3 trillion for health and education (Source: Union Budget 2024-25).
85
infrastructure
"Infrastructure is the key to unlocking India's potential and driving sustainable growth." — Prime Minister Narendra Modi
86
infra cap
Roads: India has the second-largest road network in the world, covering over 6.2 million kilometers (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India). Railways: Indian Railways is the fourth-largest railway network in the world, transporting over 8 billion passengers annually (Indian Railways). Electricity: India’s installed power capacity is approximately 400 GW as of 2023 (Central Electricity Authority, India).
87
Ports:
India has 12 major ports and around 200 non-major ports, handling 95% of India’s total trade by volume (Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, India).
88
Water Supply and Sanitation:
Approximately 91% of India's urban population has access to improved drinking water sources (Jal Jeevan Mission, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India).
89
Energy Access:
Despite progress, around 7% of India's rural population still lacks access to electricity (International Energy Agency).
90
Logistics and Supply Chain:
High logistics costs, accounting for 13-14% of GDP, hinder economic competitiveness (Logistics Performance Index, World Bank).
91
Kelkar Committee:
Recommended enhancing PPP frameworks and creating a Viability Gap Funding (VGF) scheme to attract private investment in infrastructure projects.
92
The focus of budget is
on EMPLOYMENT, SKILLING, MSMEs, and the MIDDLE CLASS.
93

AGRICULTURE 2 (12 decks)

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