ARICULTURE-1 Flashcards
t soil erosion affects
about 13% of India’s land area.
Agriculture accounts
for approximately 80% of India’s total water use,
India’s Watershed Area:
India has approximately 2.6 million square kilometers of watershed area, which is about 79% of the country’s land area ([Source: National Remote Sensing Centre
- Agricultural Dependency:
About 60% of India’s agricultural land is dependent on watershed management for irrigation and water supply ([Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]
- Rainfed Agriculture:
Approximately 40% of India’s net sown area is rainfed and relies heavily on effective watershed management ([Source: Indian Council of Agricultural Research]
WATERSHED
- Palfu Watershed (Madhya Pradesh):
- Madhya Pradesh Watershed Development Project
- Sujanpur Tira Watershed (Himachal Pradesh)
-
Soma Watershed (Rajasthan):
5.Deccan Development Society (DDS) Watershed Project (Telangana)
IWM
As of recent reports, IWD programs cover approximately 10% of India’s total land area, focusing on critical watersheds across the country.
IWM
- Enhanced Water Availability: In the Arvari River basin in Rajasthan,
- Improved Soil Health: In the Malkangiri district of Odisha,
- Increased Agricultural Productivity:: In the Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh,
- Reduced Flooding and Waterlogging: In the Kutch region of Gujarat, check dams and other water retention structures
- Biodiversity Conservation: In the Western Ghats, watershed development projects have helped restore native vegetation and improve habitat conditions for wildlife.
- Sustainable Livelihoods:: In the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, IWD projects have supported eco-tourism and non-timber forest products, providing alternative livelihoods for local communities.
- Community Empowerment: In the Bundelkhand region, local communities have been actively involved in watershed management, leading to increased ownership and sustainable practices.
- Climate Resilience:: In the Chhattisgarh state, integrated watershed development has enhanced the region’s resilience to climate variability and extreme weather events.
- Mulching with Straw:
In a dryland maize field, applying 7 cm of straw mulch reduced ET losses by 30% and increased yield by 15%.
- Drip Irrigation in Vineyard:
Using drip irrigation with a flow rate of 3 L/hour/plant reduced water use by 40% compared to traditional irrigation.
- Windbreaks with Eucalyptus:
A 4-row windbreak of Eucalyptus trees reduced wind speed by 60% and improved soil moisture retention in an adjacent wheat field.
social forests
-
West Bengal Social Forestry Project:
- Engaged local communities in afforestation activities, resulting in significant green cover increase and improved livelihoods.
- Promoted the cultivation of fast-growing tree species like eucalyptus and acacia.
-
Tamil Nadu Social Forestry Project:
- Focused on the rehabilitation of degraded forests and wastelands through community participation.
- Provided fuelwood, fodder, and timber to rural communities, enhancing their economic conditions.
-
Joint Forest Management (JFM) in Andhra Pradesh:
- Involved local communities in the management of forest resources.
- Improved forest health and provided economic benefits to participating communities.
agroforestry
-
National Agroforestry Policy (2014):
- Objective: Promote integrated tree-based farming systems, enhance livelihoods, and address environmental issues.
-
Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (SMAF):
- Part of: National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA).
- Objective: Expand the area under agroforestry and provide technical and financial support to farmers.
-
Green India Mission:
- Objective: Enhance forest and tree cover, restore degraded ecosystems, and increase carbon sequestration.
-
Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP):
- Objective: Empower women farmers through sustainable agricultural practices.
Forest Cover in India:
As per the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2021, India has a total forest and tree cover of 80.9 million hectares, which constitutes 24.62% of the country’s geographical area.
Source: India State of Forest Report (ISFR) 2021
Biodiversity:
India’s forests are home to around 7% of the world’s biodiversity. The country has over 47,000 species of plants and 89,000 species of animals.
Source: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India
agroforestry valueaddition
- Madhya Pradesh - Teak and Intercropping: Processing teak timber into high-quality furniture and utilizing intercrop(legumes and vegetable) produce for local markets.
- Karnataka - Areca Palm and Spices: Processing cardamom and pepper into packaged spices, adding value to both primary and secondary products.
- Kerala - Rubber Agroforestry: Processing rubber into various products and marketing fruits(pineapples and bananas.) locally and nationally
- Assam - Bamboo-Based Enterprises: Producing and selling bamboo furniture and handicrafts, adding economic value to bamboo cultivation.
- Himachal Pradesh - Apple Orchards with Understory Crops:Processing apples into juices, sauces, and jams, and marketing additional crops for local consumption.
soil
Soil is the natural body composed of minerals, organic matter, water, and air, serving as a medium for plant growth. It is formed through the weathering of rocks and the decomposition of organic matter, resulting in a complex mixture that supports life.
Hydrolysis of feldspar to clay:
2K AlSi_3O_8 + 11H_2O + 2H^+ ———->2K^+ + Al_2Si_2O_5(OH)_4 + 4H_4SiO_4
Podzolization**:
Organic acids + Fe/Al oxides ———–>Fe/Al-humus complexes
Laterization:
Primary minerals + H_2O + O_2 ————-> Secondary minerals + Si(OH)_4 +Fe/Al oxides
- Salinization:.
NaCl (from water)—————–>{Na}^+ + {Cl}^-
- Calcification:
CaCO}_3 ————>{Ca}^{2+} + {CO}_3^{2-}
- Gleying:
{Fe}^{3+} + {e}^- ————–>{Fe}^{2+}
- Hydrolysis:
-
Example: Feldspar in granite reacts with carbonic acid to form clay minerals.
2KAlSi_3O_8 + 11H_2O + 2H^+ \rightarrow 2K^+ + Al_2Si_2O_5(OH)_4 + 4H_4SiO_4
- Oxidation:
-
Example: Iron-rich minerals in rocks oxidize to form rust (iron oxide).
4Fe + 3O_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow 4Fe(OH)_3
- Carbonation:
-
Example: Limestone dissolves in carbonic acid to form calcium bicarbonate.
CaCO_3 + H_2CO_3 \rightarrow Ca^{2+} + 2HCO_3^-
weed resistnace
- Amaranthus spp. (Pigweed): Various species, including Palmer amaranth and waterhemp, have developed resistance to multiple herbicide modes of action, including glyphosate and ALS inhibitors.
- Echinochloa crus-galli (Barnyardgrass): This weed has developed resistance to herbicides such as ALS inhibitors and ACCase inhibitors.
- Phalaris minor dev resistance against isoproturon
biology weed control
Insects: - Cactoblastis cactorum: Used to control prickly pear cactus (Opuntia spp.) in Australia.
2. Pathogens: - Colletotrichum gloeosporioides: A fungal pathogen used to control tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) in the United States.
3. Grazing Animals: - Goats: Used to control various invasive weed species, such as kudzu (Pueraria montana) and leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula).
