Growth & Lifespan Development Flashcards

Question

Development of Cognition: B. Vygotsky's Social Dev

Answer 1

Preconventional | 4y-10y * Punish/Obedience; good to avoid punishment * Instrumental Hedonism; good to get reward Conventional | 10+ * Good Boy/Girl; concern of gaining approval * Law and Order; one's duty, maitain social order Postconventional | ~13+ or never * Morality of Contract; will of majority * Mortality of Ind. Principles; what ind. believes is right ## Footnote *3 LEVELS -- 6 STAGES

Answer 2

* Separation - discrete physical entity * Individuation - psychologically independent 1) Infantile Autism (1m) - unaware of external; research says otherwise 2) Symbiosis (2-4m) - baby + mother are one 3) Differentiation (5-10m) - able to distinguish b/w self and other; 'stranger anxiety' as aware of unfamiliar 4) Practicing (10-16m) - ability to physically sep from mother; crawling, walking; paradoxically 'separation anxiety' * hardest for child 5) Rapprochement (16-24m) - need for mother to share ch's new skills, great need for love 6) Object Constancy (2-3yrs) - able to maintain image of mother when not there; unify good+bad into whole ## Footnote *theory of separation and individuation *6 stages of development

Answer 3

Lorenz * instinctual; 'imprinting' * innate behavior patterns during critical periods * ex. goslings imprinting on Lorenz 12-17 hrs after birth; even when other geese presented themselves Harlow * Preferred 'terry cloth' surrogates over wire surrogates * 'Contact Comfort'; tactile sensations; more important b/w human mothers and infants * Isolation -- abnormal/autistic social/sexual behaviors; when placed w/ norm reared monkeys, remission of pathology

Answer 4

* Formulated attachment theory; Darwinian; newborns equipped w/ verbal/nonverbals that elicit nurture * Syndrome of Maternal Deprivation; some children under 2yrs; separated extended period (~3m) a) Protest - initially crying, calling out, searching for b) Despair - signs of hopelessness, mother will never return c) Detachment - emotional separation from mother, indifferent to her return Additional -- * Effect of deprivation also described by Spitz as 'anaclytic depression' (6-8m)

Answer 5

a) Secure (65%) b) Avoidant (20%); don't seek closeness, rarely cry when leaves room, treat mother like stranger, ignore her upon return, may prefer stanger --- caregiving style of aloofness/distance OR intrusiveness/overstimulation = avoidant c) Ambivalent/Resistant (10%); clingy, become upset when leaves, happy upon return but also show ambivalence by resisting, angry towards stranger + mother --- caregiving of inconsistency/insensitivity d) Disorganized-Disoriented; no clear strategy w/ mother, may be unresponsive/avoid/resist, may freeze/stop, exhibit fear/confusion toward mothers --- due to abuse of infant or unresolved abuse issues of caregiver Additional -- * Securely vs. Insecurely (12-18m) differ in behavior in preschool/school age years * Age 2 toddlers develop stronger sense of their own self-efficacy | secure -- autonomous, neither victims/victimizers | insecure -- can me either the victim or victimizer * Some argue patterns of attachment reflect temperment of child; not necessarily quality of mother-child relationship ## Footnote * Increasingly important second half of 1st year * 1st year, able to measure by Stranger Situation

Answer 6

**1) Identity Formation | Marcia** * Achievement; explored, own goals/values, resolved crisis+committed * Foreclosure; no exploring, chosen by authority, absence of crisis+committed * Moratorium; exploring, struggling to make decisions, in crisis+absence of commitment * Diffusion; lacks direction, not exploring/trying, absence of both crisis+commitment ---- "aimless drifters" 2) Adolescence & Culture

Answer 7

**1) Theories of Successful Aging** | Disengagement (natural withrdrawal from life roles), Activity (fulfilling when remains active/involved) * "successful aging" correlated w/ high level of activity 2) Marital Satisfaction in Late Adulthood 3) Gender and Cultural Variables in Aging 4) Retirement 5) Grief and Dying

Answer 8

* Childhood aggression -- moderate tendency to remain aggressive * Law of Persimony (Occam's Razor) * Preadolescent Siblings --- Conflict/Friendship