Growth & Development Flashcards
psychosocial development
Erik Erikson
TAIIIIGI
trust vs mistrust HOPE
autonomy vs shame&doubt WILL
intitiative vs guilt PURPOSE
industry vs inferiority COMPETENCY
identity vs confusion FIDELITY
intimacy vs isolation LOVE
generativity vs stagnation CARE
integrity vs despair WISDOM
cognitive development
assimilation vs accommodation
jean piaget
sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
assimilation: relate new to whats already known
accommodation: change schema to add new
moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
Level 1 Preconventional
Stage 0 Egocentric Judgment
Stage 1 Punishment Obedience
Stage 2 Instrumental Relativist
Level 2 Conventional
Stage 3 Good Boy or Nice Girl
Stage 4 Law & Order
Level 3 Postconventional
Stage 5 Social Contract & Legalistic
Stage 6 Universal Ethical Principles
psychosexual development
Sigmund Freud
Oral
Anal (toilet training)
Phallic (oedipus & electra complex)
Latency
Genital
agencies of mind
Sigmund Freud
Id : pleasure principle
Ego : reality principle
Superego : conscience & ego, parents & society
level of awareness
Sigmund Freud
unconscious
preconscious (subconscious)
conscious
Separation Anxiety
protest
despair
detachment (not a sign of contentment but result of prolonged separation)
loss of control
regression
change of behaviors: toiletting, sleeping, feeding, playing
interventions for hospitalized infants&toddlers
Infant
-provide,cuddles & touch, pacificier for npo
Toddler
-provide choices, allow mobility & expression of protest
-approach w/ positive attitude
-provide familiar & comforting object
-accept regression w/o ridicule
-play therapy
-anticipate temper tantrums and acting out
interventions of hospitalized preschool
-Allow to express anger
-Acknowledge fears and anxieties. -Accept regressive behavior -Encourage rooming-in or leaving a favorite toy
-Allow mobility and provide play and diversional activities
-Place with other children of the same age if possible
-Encourage to be independent
-Explain procedures simply, on the preschooler’s level
-Avoid intrusive procedures when possible
-Allow the wearing of underpants
interventions of hospitalized school age
-encourage rooming-in
-Focus on abilities and needs
-be involved with his or her own care. -Accept regression but encourage independence
-Provide choices
-Allow expression of feelings verbally and nonverbally
-Acknowledge fears and concerns and allow for discussion
-Explain all procedures, using body diagrams or outlines
-Provide privacy
-Allow to wear underpants
-Encourage to contact friends
-Provide for educational needs
-Use appropriate interventions to relieve pain.
interventions of hospitalized adolescent
-Encourage questions about appearance and effects of the illness on the future
-Encourage to wear their own clothes an carry out normal grooming activities
-Allow favorite foods to be brought into the hospital if possible
-Provide privacy
-Use body diagrams to prepare for procedures
-Introduce them to other adolescents in the nursing unit if appropriate and possible
-Encourage maintaining contact with peer groups
-Provide for educational needs
-Help develop positive coping mechanisms
car safety seat
infants
rear facing convertible
1yo
front facing convertible
8 to 12 yo
belt-positioning booster seat
12yo above
seatbelt
kyphosis
convexity in the spine curvature/dowagers hump
low pitched voice
better for presbycusis
family meetings to make decisions of end of life care
avoid contact w/ the dying
native americans
-family makes decisions and may request to withhold the diagnosis or prognosis from the client. -Extended-family members often are involved in end-of-life care
-Several family members may be at the dying client’s bedside
-Vocal expression of grief and mourning is acceptable and expected. -Members may refuse procedures that alter the body, such as autopsy. -Dying at home may be considered bad luck
hispanic & latini
-Family members usually make decisions about care and often do not tell the client the diagnosis or prognosis.
-Dying at home may be considered bad luck
-Organ donation may not be allowed
asian american
-Members discuss issues with the spouse or older family member
-elders held in high respect
-Open displays of emotion are common and accepted
-Many prefer to die at home
african american
-A shrine to Buddha in the client’s room
-Time for meditation at the shrine is important and should be respected. -refuse medications that may alter their awareness (e.g., opioids)
-After death, a monk may recite prayers for 1 hour (need not be done in the presence of the body). -Buddhists in the United States encourage organ donation and consider it an act of mercy.
buddhism
-tying a thread around the neck or wrist of the dying person, sprinkling the person with special water, and placing a leaf of basil on the person’s tongue
-After death, the sacred threads are not removed, and the body is not washed
-Some prefer cremation and desire to cast the ashes in a holy river
hinduism
-A client on life support should remain so until death
-A dying person should not be left alone (a rabbi’s presence is desired)
-Autopsy and cremation are usually not allowed
-oppose prolonging life after irreversible brain damage.
judaism
-Second-degree male relatives such as cousins or uncles should be the contact people and determine whether the client or family should be given information about the client
-choose to face Mecca (west or southwest in the United States)
-head should be elevated above the body
-Discussions about death usually are not welcomed
-Stopping medical treatment is against the will of Allah (Arabic word for God)
-Grief may be expressed through slapping or hitting the body
-If possible, only a same-sex Muslim should handle the body after death; if not possible, non-Muslims should wear gloves so as not to touch the body
islam
-not allowed to receive a blood transfusion
-believe that the soul cannot live after the body has died.
jehova’s witness
-No last rites are provided
-Prayers are given to offer comfort and support
protestants
A sacrament may be administered if the client requests it
mormons
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
-A priest anoints the sick
-Other sacraments before death include reconciliation and Holy Communion
catholics & orthodox
-Funerals are conducted in the home without a eulogy, flower decorations, or any other display
-caskets are plain and simple, without adornment
-At death, a woman is usually buried in her bridal dress
-One is believed to live on after death, with either eternal reward in heaven or punishment in hell
-permit organ donation with the exception of heart transplants (the heart is the soul of the body)
amish
