Growth and development Flashcards
How much should an infant weigh by 6 months? 12 months?
6 months = doubled birth weight
12 months = tripled birth weight
How much length should an infant gain in the 1st 6 months?
1 in/ month
How much length should an infant gain in months 6- 12?
½ in/ month
What is the last fontanel to close? when?
anterior, 9-18 months
when do teeth begin to erupt?
about 6 months
- should have about 6 by 1 yr
When does an infant recognize his primary caregiver?
4 months
when does an infant distinguish his primary caregiver from others?
6 months
When does an infant begin stranger anxiety? separation anxiety?
both 8-10 months
- separation anxiety peaks 14-18 months
how much weight would you expect a toddler (1-3 years) to gain?
5-10 pounds/ year
how much height would you expect a toddler to gain?
3 inches/ year
What does a toddler’s social emotional domain look like?
- no autonomy
- easily frustrated, temper tantrums
- egocentric (me, I want)
What does a toddler’s cognitive domain look like?
Concrete:
- understands yes/no but not why
- consequential action = if I take a toy away from my sister I will go in time out
What are the categories of play?
- Exploratory
- physical
- functional
- social/dramatic
- constructive
- games
What are the levels of play?
- Unoccupied
- solitary
- onlooker
- parallel
- associative
- cooperative
type of play: observing, Standing still or random movements
Unoccupied
type of play: Alone, maintains focus on activity; uninterested in or unaware of what others are doing
Solitary
- 5-12 mos: plays toys by themselves, doesn’t care about playing with other individuals
- toddlers as well
type of play: Watches others, but does not engage in the play; may engage in forms ofsocial interaction, such as conversation about the play, without actually joining in the activity.; Sometimes asks questions, but not actually joining activity
onlooker
- toddler, sometimes 4 y/o
type of play: Plays separately but close to others, same activity or mimicking actions
parallel play
- AKA adjacent, social coaction
- toddlers, preschool
type of play: interested in the people playing but not in coordinating their activities with those people, OR no organized activity at all, there is a substantial amount of interaction involved, but the activities are not in sync
associative
- preschool age
type of play: interested both in the people playing and in the activity they are doing; activity is organized, and participants have assigned roles; Self-identification and group identify
cooperative
- grade school age
how much weight would you expect a preschooler (3-5 years) to gain?
3-5 pounds/ year
how much height would you expect a preschooler (3-5 years) to gain?
2 inches/ year
What does a preschooler’s social/emotional and cognitive domains look like?
- Initiative vs. Guilt- Independently starting tasks, but need acceptance to continue exploring
- Imaginative Play- Peak of fantasy and imagination (ie Santa and Sponge Bob are real)
- Increased Fears and Anxiety - Nightmares, Monsters under the bed; Fear of separation and abandoment
- Strong Social Relationships by 5
- Gender/Role Identity
resistance of muscle to passive elongation or stretch when an individual attempts to maintain muscle relaxation; degree of residual contraction in resting
muscle tone
How is muscle tone assessed with palpation according to O’sullivan?
when assessing m tone, asses consistency, firmness, and turgor
- Hypotonic muscles will feel soft and flabby
- Hypertonic muscles will feel taut and hard
What are the grades given for palpation of muscle tone according to MAI (movement assessment of infants)?
Assess in supine and prone, gastroc/soleus, triceps, biceps
1 = Muscle feels soft (little resistance to pressure)
3 = Muscle feels sturdy, but some yielding to pressure NORMAL
5 = Muscle feels hard like a rock (little yielding to pressure)
What are the grades given for extensibility of muscle tone according to O’sullivan?
Assess via repeated passive motion, increasing speed of motion
0 = no response (flaccid)
1+ = decreased response (hypotonia)
2+ = Normal response
3+ = Exaggerated response (mild to moderate hypertonia)
4+ = Sustained response (severe hypertonia)
What are the grades given for extensibility of muscle tone according to MAI (movement assessment of infants)?
In supine assess hip adductors, ankle plantarflexors, and shoulder extensors
1 = no resistance
2 = Slight resistance throughout ROM
3 = Normal graded resistance through ROM
4 = Greater than normal resistance. Full ROM only during slow movements
5 = Strong resistance, prevents movement through full ROM
How is passivity of muscle tone assessed according to O’sullivan?
Pendulum test
- Position infant supine or seated with knee flexed over edge of table, fully extend knee, let go and observe amount and duration of swing
How is passivity of muscle tone assessed according to MAI (movement assessment of infants)?
In supine or sitting, hold either UE or LE just proximal to the wrist or ankle joint. Shake distal part of extremity quickly.
1 = Extremity does not tighten at wrist or ankle
2 = Hand or foot flap for many excursions, but eventually tightens
3 = Extremity tightens at the wrist or ankle after a few excursions
4 = Extremity stiff initially, but some flapping occurs
5 = Extremity is stiff at the wrist or ankle, hand or foot does not flap
What are the signs of hypotonia in postural tone?
- Excessive collapse of body segments
- Loss of postural alignments
- Inability to sustain a posture against gravity
What are the signs of hypertonia in postural tone?
- Distal fixing (toe curling, hands fisting)
- Difficulty moving a body segment through a range
- Asymmetric posture
What are the grades of postural tone according to MAI?
1 = hypotonia: Child lies flat against supporting surface. Unable to maintain antigravity posture. Movement is infrequent and weak 3 = normal: Child shows a variety of resting positions. Moves away from surface. Assumes age appropriate antigravity postures and easily maintains them. Frequent movements with varied combinations of extremities 5 = hypertonia: Child is pulled strongly toward and extended and asymmetrical posture. Pulled away from antigravity postures. Infrequent, slow, and stiff movement
