Growth and Development Flashcards
Define growth
- An increase in physical size
Define development
- Maturation of organ/systems
What is the average, low, and micro preemie birth weights
- Average: 5.5 lbs (2500g) to 9 lbs (4100g)
- Low: <2500g
- Micro preemie: <750g
Describe the growth and development in the embryonic stage
- 0-8 wks in utero
- 1-2 wks Blastocyst implants in uterine wall
- 3-8 wks embryonic cells differentiate into ectodermal (skin, nerves), mesodermal (muscle, bone, heart), & endodermal (major organs) layers
Describe the growth and development in the fetal stage
- 8-38 wks in utero
- All structures formed in embryonic stage are now present/continue to grow/develop
- Considered premature if born before 37 wks
- Myelinization of the CNS is not complete until 1 yr post birth
List the developmental stages in order
- Prenatal: Germinal is conception to 2 wks, Embryonic is 2 wks to 8 wks, Fetal is 8 wks to 40 wks gestation or birth
- Infant: Neonatal = birth to 28 days; Infancy = 1-12 months
- Toddler: 1-3 yrs
- Pre-school: 3-5/6 yrs
- School age: 5/6-12 yrs
- Adolescent: Prepubertal = 10-13 yrs; Adolescence = 13-18 yrs
Factors that influence growth and devlopment
- Genetics
- Socioeconomic status
- Nutrition
- Prenatal
- Environmental
- Family
- Community
- Culture
What are the different temperaments of children
- Easy
- Difficult
- Slow to change
Define Wolfe’s Law
- High consistent mechanical stresses increase bone density
- Bone can be molded by tension, compression, & torsional forces
What are the components of early locomotion
- Pivot prone rotation
- Rolling
- Belly crawling
- Scooting
- Creeping (quadruped crawling)
- Cruising (side stepping at a support)
Timeline of gait changes in early childhood
- 18 mo: heel strike emerges, reciprocal arm swing begins
- 30 mo: most heel toe walk
- 3 yrs: gait pattern maturing, running emerging
- 4 yrs: most children can walk on a balance beam & hop on one foot
- 6-7 yrs: all components of a mature gait pattern are present
What are the general principles of normal motor development
- Develops cephalocaudal (head control before pelvis)
- Develops proximal to distal (trunk control before extremity)
- Develops from gross to fine motor (gross motor provide stability for fine motor)
Balance reactions are mature reflexes with a
- Stimulus: displaced center of gravity
- Response: postural movement to maintain blanace
What are the 3 types of balance reactions:
- Head trunk righting: head stays upright
- Protective extension: arms or legs extend to prevent a fall
- Equilibrium reactions: a righting reaction with rotation of the body to maintain upright posture
Describe normal tone
- High enough to maintain posture but low enough to move through
What is postural tone
- The background resting state of the muscles, a basis for posture and movement
- The degree of tension in the muscles at rest, when moving & under various conditions of environmental stimulation
Motor development from newborns to child
- Newborn: reflexes dominate, decreased head control, asymmetry
- Infant: more volitional movement, improving head control, developing balance b/w muscle groups
- Child: mature balance reactions, good head control, motor planning skills develop
What are the primative reflexes and mature reflexes (the balance reactions)
- Primative: ATNR (asym. tonic neck), STNR (sym. tonic neck), TLR (tonic labyrinthine), MORO/startle, grasp reflex
- Mature: Righting reactions, equilibrium reactions, protective extension
Slide 24-25
Typical sensory-motor development in newborns
- Physiologic flexion
- Independent joint movement
- Survival mode
- Reacts to gravity
Typical sensory-motor development at 1 and 2 months
- 1 mo: head bobbing in prone, ATNR reflex, follows w/eyes, responds to sounds
- 2 mo: midline extension, legs kick in sequence, visual perception begins
Typical sensory-motor development at 3 and 4 months
- 3 mo: prone prop, symmetry begins, proprioception, vestibular, & tactile develop form perception
- 4 mo: weight shift in prone prop, midline established, chin tuck, manipulates objects
Typical sensory-motor development at 5 and 6 months
- 5 mo: prone prop on extended arms, initiates pull to sit, hands to feet, bilateral integration w/hands together
- 6 mo: reaching in prone, bridging/rolling to prone, unassisted prop sit, motor planning begins
Typical sensory-motor development at 7 and 8 months
- 7 mo: pivot prone, belly crawl, plays in side lying, dislikes supine, locomotion develops spatial perception
- 8 mo: pushes back into quadruped, dislikes supine, plans movement through space
Typical sensory-motor development at 9 and 10 months
- 9 mo: creeping, cruising, bear walk, good sitting balance, transition will in & out of sitting, roams & experiences broader environment
- 10 mo: quadruped to tall kneel, pull to stand, half kneel, crosses midline
Typical sensory-motor development from 11-12 months
- Independent standing
- Independent walking, first steps
- Tool use begins
Typical sensory-motor development from 15-24 months
- Upright motor skills: stoop & recover, kicks a ball, jumps in place, runs, climbs
- Fine motor skills: draws line strokes, 3 shapes in form board, 6 block tower
Typical sensory-motor development at 2 years
- Touch discrimination & localization
- Develops body percept
- Variation of movement
Typical sensory-motor development from 3-4 years
- Gross motor: walk a line, climb stairs, throw & catch a ball, pedals tricycle
- Fine motor: copies a circle, snips with scissors, 10 cube tower
Typical sensory-motor development from 3-7 years
- Relates to people
- More complex adaptive responses
- Challenges the environment
