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Pediatrics > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Define growth

A
  • An increase in physical size
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2
Q

Define development

A
  • Maturation of organ/systems
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3
Q

What is the average, low, and micro preemie birth weights

A
  • Average: 5.5 lbs (2500g) to 9 lbs (4100g)
  • Low: <2500g
  • Micro preemie: <750g
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4
Q

Describe the growth and development in the embryonic stage

A
  • 0-8 wks in utero
  • 1-2 wks Blastocyst implants in uterine wall
  • 3-8 wks embryonic cells differentiate into ectodermal (skin, nerves), mesodermal (muscle, bone, heart), & endodermal (major organs) layers
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5
Q

Describe the growth and development in the fetal stage

A
  • 8-38 wks in utero
  • All structures formed in embryonic stage are now present/continue to grow/develop
  • Considered premature if born before 37 wks
  • Myelinization of the CNS is not complete until 1 yr post birth
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6
Q

List the developmental stages in order

A
  • Prenatal: Germinal is conception to 2 wks, Embryonic is 2 wks to 8 wks, Fetal is 8 wks to 40 wks gestation or birth
  • Infant: Neonatal = birth to 28 days; Infancy = 1-12 months
  • Toddler: 1-3 yrs
  • Pre-school: 3-5/6 yrs
  • School age: 5/6-12 yrs
  • Adolescent: Prepubertal = 10-13 yrs; Adolescence = 13-18 yrs
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7
Q

Factors that influence growth and devlopment

A
  • Genetics
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Nutrition
  • Prenatal
  • Environmental
  • Family
  • Community
  • Culture
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8
Q

What are the different temperaments of children

A
  • Easy
  • Difficult
  • Slow to change
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9
Q

Define Wolfe’s Law

A
  • High consistent mechanical stresses increase bone density
  • Bone can be molded by tension, compression, & torsional forces
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10
Q

What are the components of early locomotion

A
  • Pivot prone rotation
  • Rolling
  • Belly crawling
  • Scooting
  • Creeping (quadruped crawling)
  • Cruising (side stepping at a support)
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11
Q

Timeline of gait changes in early childhood

A
  • 18 mo: heel strike emerges, reciprocal arm swing begins
  • 30 mo: most heel toe walk
  • 3 yrs: gait pattern maturing, running emerging
  • 4 yrs: most children can walk on a balance beam & hop on one foot
  • 6-7 yrs: all components of a mature gait pattern are present
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12
Q

What are the general principles of normal motor development

A
  • Develops cephalocaudal (head control before pelvis)
  • Develops proximal to distal (trunk control before extremity)
  • Develops from gross to fine motor (gross motor provide stability for fine motor)
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13
Q

Balance reactions are mature reflexes with a

A
  • Stimulus: displaced center of gravity
  • Response: postural movement to maintain blanace
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14
Q

What are the 3 types of balance reactions:

A
  • Head trunk righting: head stays upright
  • Protective extension: arms or legs extend to prevent a fall
  • Equilibrium reactions: a righting reaction with rotation of the body to maintain upright posture
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15
Q

Describe normal tone

A
  • High enough to maintain posture but low enough to move through
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16
Q

What is postural tone

A
  • The background resting state of the muscles, a basis for posture and movement
  • The degree of tension in the muscles at rest, when moving & under various conditions of environmental stimulation
17
Q

Motor development from newborns to child

A
  • Newborn: reflexes dominate, decreased head control, asymmetry
  • Infant: more volitional movement, improving head control, developing balance b/w muscle groups
  • Child: mature balance reactions, good head control, motor planning skills develop
18
Q

What are the primative reflexes and mature reflexes (the balance reactions)

A
  • Primative: ATNR (asym. tonic neck), STNR (sym. tonic neck), TLR (tonic labyrinthine), MORO/startle, grasp reflex
  • Mature: Righting reactions, equilibrium reactions, protective extension
19
Q

Slide 24-25

A
20
Q

Typical sensory-motor development in newborns

A
  • Physiologic flexion
  • Independent joint movement
  • Survival mode
  • Reacts to gravity
21
Q

Typical sensory-motor development at 1 and 2 months

A
  • 1 mo: head bobbing in prone, ATNR reflex, follows w/eyes, responds to sounds
  • 2 mo: midline extension, legs kick in sequence, visual perception begins
22
Q

Typical sensory-motor development at 3 and 4 months

A
  • 3 mo: prone prop, symmetry begins, proprioception, vestibular, & tactile develop form perception
  • 4 mo: weight shift in prone prop, midline established, chin tuck, manipulates objects
23
Q

Typical sensory-motor development at 5 and 6 months

A
  • 5 mo: prone prop on extended arms, initiates pull to sit, hands to feet, bilateral integration w/hands together
  • 6 mo: reaching in prone, bridging/rolling to prone, unassisted prop sit, motor planning begins
24
Q

Typical sensory-motor development at 7 and 8 months

A
  • 7 mo: pivot prone, belly crawl, plays in side lying, dislikes supine, locomotion develops spatial perception
  • 8 mo: pushes back into quadruped, dislikes supine, plans movement through space
25
Q

Typical sensory-motor development at 9 and 10 months

A
  • 9 mo: creeping, cruising, bear walk, good sitting balance, transition will in & out of sitting, roams & experiences broader environment
  • 10 mo: quadruped to tall kneel, pull to stand, half kneel, crosses midline
26
Q

Typical sensory-motor development from 11-12 months

A
  • Independent standing
  • Independent walking, first steps
  • Tool use begins
27
Q

Typical sensory-motor development from 15-24 months

A
  • Upright motor skills: stoop & recover, kicks a ball, jumps in place, runs, climbs
  • Fine motor skills: draws line strokes, 3 shapes in form board, 6 block tower
28
Q

Typical sensory-motor development at 2 years

A
  • Touch discrimination & localization
  • Develops body percept
  • Variation of movement
29
Q

Typical sensory-motor development from 3-4 years

A
  • Gross motor: walk a line, climb stairs, throw & catch a ball, pedals tricycle
  • Fine motor: copies a circle, snips with scissors, 10 cube tower
30
Q

Typical sensory-motor development from 3-7 years

A
  • Relates to people
  • More complex adaptive responses
  • Challenges the environment

Pediatrics (25 decks)

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