Growth And Development

Question 1

Define growth

Answer 1

An increase in a measurable quantity such as height or weight

Question 2

Define development

Answer 2

The complex changes in skills and capabilities that an individual experiences as they grow. Follows an order

Question 3

Define milestone

Answer 3

The certain skills you learn at a certain age

Question 4

define maturation

Answer 4

The action or process of maturing

Question 5

Define lifespan

Answer 5

The amount of time between a person’s birth and their death

Question 6

Define developmental norms

Answer 6

Skill set that you are expected to learn

Question 7

Give an example of developmental norms

Answer 7

By the age of 12 months a child has the ability to stand alone

Question 8

Give an example of maturation

Answer 8

The onset of menopause
Girls growing boobs
Boys growing facial hair

Question 9

Give an example of growth

Answer 9

Weight or height

Question 10

Define physical development

Answer 10

The advancements and refinements of fine and gross motor skills

Question 11

What are gross motor skills?

Answer 11

Movements that involve using the large muscles of the body

Question 12

Give an example of gross motor skills

Answer 12

Running
Playing tag
Jumping and throwing a ball
Walking upstairs

Question 13

What are fine motor skills?

Answer 13

Actions that require the use of smaller muscles in the hands, fingers and toes.

Question 14

Give an example of fine motor skills

Answer 14

Holding a small toy
Dressing and undressing
Drawing
Picking things up

Question 15

Define intellectual development

Answer 15

the development of language acquisition, problem solving, learning new skills and the development of thought processes.

Question 16

Give some examples of intellectual development

Answer 16

Activities - learning to ride a bike
Memory - the ability to store and recall information
Creativity - being able to express imaginative ideas in a creative way

Question 17

Define emotional development

Answer 17

a child’s sense of security, their sense of personal identity or self-image and their self-awareness. They learn to understand other peoples feelings as well.

Question 18

Give an example of emotional development

Answer 18

Bouncing back from being bullied

Sitting still in a group to listen to a story

Question 19

Define social development

Answer 19

The emergence and improvement of communication skills and relationships with other people

Question 20

Give some examples of social development

Answer 20

A developmental change in how people behave with members of the other gender or their understanding of what friendship ental

Question 21

What are the principles of growth?

Answer 21

1. Increase in quantity
2. Growth is not always constant
3. Growth rate could vary between boys and girls
4. Growth rate could vary in different parts of the body
5. Weight/ length/ height key defining factors

Question 22

What is a neonate?

Answer 22

A newborn baby up to the first 28 days of birth

Question 23

What are some reflexes that neonates have? (Name and explain them)

Answer 23

Rooting reflex - turn their heads towards any touch on the cheek
Grasp reflex - place your finger in the palm they will grasp your finger tightly
Startle reflex - if a neonate is startled by a loud noise they will throw their hands and arms outwards, arching their backs
Walking reflex - if a neonate is held upright they will make the movement as if trying to walk

Question 24

What is a reflex?

Answer 24

An action that’s performed without conscious thought as a response to the stimulus

Question 25

What is holistic development?

Answer 25

comes from the idea of holism which means that things need to be understood as a whole thus including the emotional, physical and social side.

•Every aspect of development interacts with each other.

Question 26

What types of development does the holistic approach include?

Answer 26

Social
Emotional
Physical
Intellectual

Question 27

List the different life stages and give the years

Answer 27

• Infancy (0-2yrs)
• Early childhood (3-8yrs)
• Adolescence (9-18yrs)
• Early adulthood (19-45yrs)
• Middle adulthood (46-65yrs)
• Late adulthood (65+yrs)

Question 28

What happens in infancy?

Answer 28

Development of gross and fine motor skills. Milestones are: sitting, standing, cruising, walking

Question 29

What happens in early childhood?

Answer 29

further develops motor skills

Question 30

What happens in adolescence?

Answer 30

Primary and secondary sexual characteristics. Role of hormones in sexual activity

Question 31

What happens in early adulthood?

Answer 31

Physical maturity. Pregnancy and lactation occur. Perimenopause

Question 32

What happens in middle adulthood?

Answer 32

Female enters menopause. Effects of ageing

Question 33

What happens in later adulthood?

Answer 33

health and intellectual abilities can deteriorate

Question 34

What are primary sexual characteristics?

Answer 34

the changes and development of reproductive organs

Question 35

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 35

outward signs of development from a child into a man or woman

Question 36

Describe the role of hormones in sexual activity

Answer 36

• The pituitary gland controls the release of sex hormones in both females and males.
• The main female hormones are oestrogen and progesterone. The ovaries start to produce oestrogen and progesterone which are responsible for changes including ovulation and menstruation.
• The main male hormone is testosterone. The testes start to produce testosterone which stimulates sperm production, indicating the onset of fertility. Testosterone is also responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as a deeper pitch and tone of the voice

Question 37

Describe the physical performance in early adulthood

Answer 37

Young adults are usually at the peak of their physical performance between 19-28yrs having reached their full height and strength, reaction time and manual dexterity.

Question 38

Describe pregnancy in early adulthood

Answer 38

Pregnancy hormones can cause mood swings and hormonal changes take place, (increase in progesterone which maintains the pregnancy, while increase in oestrogen can cause women to be sick.

Question 39

Describe lactation in early adulthood

Answer 39

Hormones can make breasts have darkened veins due to increased blood supply, nipples and areolas darken and breasts become more sensitive and tender, preparing the breasts to produce milk (lactation) to feed the baby.

Question 40

Describe perimenopause

Answer 40

• the time during which your body makes the natural transition to menopause
• On average perimenopause lasts four years.
• Perimenopause ends when a woman has not had a monthly period for 12 months.
• The reduction in oestrogen causes physical and emotional symptoms such as trouble sleeping, vaginal dryness and breast tenderness etc.

Question 41

What does menopause involve?

Answer 41

• gradual ending of menstruation (or stopping having periods) and a large reduction of fertile eggs in the ovaries
• an increase in the production of hormones called gonadotropins that try to stimulate egg production, which can cause irritability, hot flushes and night sweats
• a reduction in the sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) produced by a woman’s ovaries, resulting in some shrinkage of sexual organs and sometimes a reduction in sexual interest
• associated problems such as osteoporosis, which can be caused by a reduction in the production of sex hormones.

Question 42

What do hormonal changes cause?

Answer 42

The general hormonal changes can lead to mood changes, depression and anxiety and cause low self esteem for many women.

Question 43

Describe the effects of ageing process in middle adulthood

Answer 43

Changes in body shape – increased weight and waistline, loss of skin elasticity and loss of muscle tone and strength. Also wrinkles and hair greying.

Question 44

In what ways does health deteriorate in later adulthood?

Answer 44

The heart becomes more susceptible to disease, individuals may have lost 5cm height by the age of 80, mobility (gross motor skills) and dexterity (fine motor skills) become more difficult and there is strength and muscle loss as well as reduction in stamina. In addition to this, older people can lose hearing and are more susceptible to accidents such as falls.

Question 45

In what ways can intellectual abilities deteriorate in later adulthood?

Answer 45

Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease are more common in older people. Ageing can involve a loss of nerve cells in the brain and a reduction in the ability of nerves to transmit electrical signals. Many older people also experience cognitive impairment and report problems with memory recall. They may take longer to respond to questions and reaction times might be slower.