Group and Individual Differences in Intelligence Flashcards
Define
Test bias
the systematic favouring of one group over another in test outcomes; this can be due to more than one cause
Define
Flynn effect
refers to a steady increase in scores on IQ tests since about the 1930s; first drawn to the public’s attention by James Flynn
Define
CALD Groups
refers to all people who are not English-speaking Anglo-Saxons/Celtics or Indigenous/Aboriginal Australians
Define
Culture fair test
a test devised to measure intelligence while relying as little as possible on culture-specific knowledge (e.g. language); tests are devised to be suitable across different peoples, with the goal to measure fluid rather than crystallised intelligence
Define
Construct bias
occurs when the construct being measured is not equivalent across cultural groups
Define
Method bias
refers to the methodology of test development and standardisation
Define
Sample bias
occurs when samples that are being compared (e.g. comparing different cultures on tests) are incomparable on aspects other than the target variable (e.g. cultural background)
Define
Instrument bias
bias relating to the use of the neuropsychological instrument
Define
Item bias
when items in a test perform differently in different groups
Definition
the systematic favouring of one group over another in test outcomes; this can be due to more than one cause
Test bias
Definition
refers to a steady increase in scores on IQ tests since about the 1930s; first drawn to the public’s attention by James Flynn
Flynn effect
Definition
refers to all people who are not English-speaking Anglo-Saxons/Celtics or Indigenous/Aboriginal Australians
CALD Groups
Definition
a test devised to measure intelligence while relying as little as possible on culture-specific knowledge (e.g. language); tests are devised to be suitable across different peoples, with the goal to measure fluid rather than crystallised intelligence
Culture fair test
Definition
occurs when the construct being measured is not equivalent across cultural groups
Construct bias
Definition
refers to the methodology of test development and standardisation
Method bias
Definition
occurs when samples that are being compared (e.g. comparing different cultures on tests) are incomparable on aspects other than the target variable (e.g. cultural background)
Sample bias
Definition
bias relating to the use of the neuropsychological instrument
Instrument bias
Definition
when items in a test perform differently in different groups
Item bias
True or False:
Males have a larger variance in intelligence than females
True
True or False:
The trend that males outnumber females among high IQ scorers remains is constant
False
This trend is slowly changing
What intelligence tasks do women perform better at?
Memory
Reading comprehension
Verbal fluency
Is non-verbal performance IQ tests favourable towards males or females?
Males
How does the inteligence of males and females interact with age?
Women decline earlier on active abilities
Men decline earlier on passive abilities
What is the main problem with the effect of culture and race on intelligence?
Tests are skewed toward English-speaking, educated, middle-class populations
Test content tends to heavily emphasise Western values
What types of tests are used to measure a style of thinking that is culturally bias and nurtured early in life?
Reasoning and problem solving
Pattern recognition
Speed tasks
What might happen if we change the language in which the test is administered?
It might change the construct being measured (construct bias)
What types of bias can method bias be broken up into?
Sample bias
Instrument bias
Administration bias
Item bias
What type of bias is this?
An elderly lady that never attended school peformed poorly on an intelligence test that required the use of a pencil
Instrument bias
What does SES refer to?
Characterisation of a family in terms of their economic resources
What are the social connotations of SES?
Social hierarchy, prestige and class
What challenges do children from low SES groups face?
Lack of opportunities to read, access computers, extracurricular activities or higher education
Experience more instability, live in disadvantaged neighbourhoods with higher rates of crime and violence and inferior schools
What do longitudinal studies shown about the effect of SES on stability of intelligence?
In low SES groups, IQs decline from baseline over time without early intervention
At age 16, the initial small difference in IQ observed at 2 years of age had tripled
