Group and Individual Differences in Intelligence

Question 1

Define

Test bias

Answer 1

the systematic favouring of one group over another in test outcomes; this can be due to more than one cause

Question 2

Define

Flynn effect

Answer 2

refers to a steady increase in scores on IQ tests since about the 1930s; first drawn to the public’s attention by James Flynn

Question 3

Define

CALD Groups

Answer 3

refers to all people who are not English-speaking Anglo-Saxons/Celtics or Indigenous/Aboriginal Australians

Question 4

Define

Culture fair test

Answer 4

a test devised to measure intelligence while relying as little as possible on culture-specific knowledge (e.g. language); tests are devised to be suitable across different peoples, with the goal to measure fluid rather than crystallised intelligence

Question 5

Define

Construct bias

Answer 5

occurs when the construct being measured is not equivalent across cultural groups

Question 6

Define

Method bias

Answer 6

refers to the methodology of test development and standardisation

Question 7

Define

Sample bias

Answer 7

occurs when samples that are being compared (e.g. comparing different cultures on tests) are incomparable on aspects other than the target variable (e.g. cultural background)

Question 8

Define

Instrument bias

Answer 8

bias relating to the use of the neuropsychological instrument

Question 9

Define

Item bias

Answer 9

when items in a test perform differently in different groups

Question 10

Definition

the systematic favouring of one group over another in test outcomes; this can be due to more than one cause

Answer 10

Test bias

Question 11

Definition

refers to a steady increase in scores on IQ tests since about the 1930s; first drawn to the public’s attention by James Flynn

Answer 11

Flynn effect

Question 12

Definition

refers to all people who are not English-speaking Anglo-Saxons/Celtics or Indigenous/Aboriginal Australians

Answer 12

CALD Groups

Question 13

Definition

a test devised to measure intelligence while relying as little as possible on culture-specific knowledge (e.g. language); tests are devised to be suitable across different peoples, with the goal to measure fluid rather than crystallised intelligence

Answer 13

Culture fair test

Question 14

Definition

occurs when the construct being measured is not equivalent across cultural groups

Answer 14

Construct bias

Question 15

Definition

refers to the methodology of test development and standardisation

Answer 15

Method bias

Question 16

Definition

occurs when samples that are being compared (e.g. comparing different cultures on tests) are incomparable on aspects other than the target variable (e.g. cultural background)

Answer 16

Sample bias

Question 17

Definition

bias relating to the use of the neuropsychological instrument

Answer 17

Instrument bias

Question 18

Definition

when items in a test perform differently in different groups

Answer 18

Item bias

Question 19

True or False:

Males have a larger variance in intelligence than females

Answer 19

True

Question 20

True or False:

The trend that males outnumber females among high IQ scorers remains is constant

Answer 20

False

This trend is slowly changing

Question 21

What intelligence tasks do women perform better at?

Answer 21

Memory

Reading comprehension

Verbal fluency

Question 22

Is non-verbal performance IQ tests favourable towards males or females?

Answer 22

Males

Question 23

How does the inteligence of males and females interact with age?

Answer 23

Women decline earlier on active abilities

Men decline earlier on passive abilities

Question 24

What is the main problem with the effect of culture and race on intelligence?

Answer 24

Tests are skewed toward English-speaking, educated, middle-class populations

Test content tends to heavily emphasise Western values

Question 25

What types of tests are used to measure a style of thinking that is culturally bias and nurtured early in life?

Answer 25

Reasoning and problem solving

Pattern recognition

Speed tasks

Question 26

What might happen if we change the language in which the test is administered?

Answer 26

It might change the construct being measured (construct bias)

Question 27

What types of bias can method bias be broken up into?

Answer 27

Sample bias

Instrument bias

Administration bias

Item bias

Question 28

What type of bias is this?

An elderly lady that never attended school peformed poorly on an intelligence test that required the use of a pencil

Answer 28

Instrument bias

Question 29

What does SES refer to?

Answer 29

Characterisation of a family in terms of their economic resources

Question 30

What are the social connotations of SES?

Answer 30

Social hierarchy, prestige and class

Question 31

What challenges do children from low SES groups face?

Answer 31

Lack of opportunities to read, access computers, extracurricular activities or higher education

Experience more instability, live in disadvantaged neighbourhoods with higher rates of crime and violence and inferior schools

Question 32

What do longitudinal studies shown about the effect of SES on stability of intelligence?

Answer 32

In low SES groups, IQs decline from baseline over time without early intervention

At age 16, the initial small difference in IQ observed at 2 years of age had tripled