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PSY3041 > Clinical Testing > Flashcards

Clinical Testing Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A

developed by David Wechsler, and one of the most widely used, individually administered, intellectual assessment batteries; the latest version, WAIS-IV, was published in 2008

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2
Q

Referral question

A

a request for psychological testing or assessment is usually raised by a client or other professionals who work with the client; it can be general or specific

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3
Q

Psychological report

A

a report to provide a client or a referral agent with the answer(s) to the referral questions based on the results of testing and assessment; it is usually provided in a written format that has a commonly agreed structure

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4
Q

Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)

A

a 344-item self-report scale designed to collect information relating to clinical diagnosis, treatment planning and screening for psychopathology in adults

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5
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

a test developed to assess major patterns of personality and emotional disorders using the empirical-keying approach; the latest version, MMPI-2 was published in 1989 and it requires a test taker to respond to 567 items and takes 60 to 90 minutes to complete

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6
Q

Mental status examination

A

a comprehensive set of questions and observations used by psychologists to gauge the mental state of a client, which usually covers areas such as appearance, behaviour, orientation, memory, sensorium, affect, mood, thought content and thought process, intellectual resources, insight and judgement

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7
Q

Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS)

A

a 42-item self-report scale that aims to measure the state of depression, anxiety and stress in adult over the previous week

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8
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

a standard classification system of mental disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association for professionals to use to diagnose mental disorders

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9
Q

Clinical interview

A

a technique for collecting information about a client; it may take many forms, for example, a psychoanalytic perspective includes detailed exploration of the personal and family history of the client, particularly with respect to psychosocial development, conflict, and defense, self and interpersonal processes

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10
Q

Barnum Effect

A

the phenomenon that people tend to accept vague and general personality descriptions as uniquely applicable to themselves without realising the same description could be applied to just about anyone

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11
Q

Predisposing factor

A

Factors that make the client more vulnerable to their presenting problem (e.g., genetic vulnerabilities)

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12
Q

Precipitating factor

A

Immediate factors or events that have caused the client to present at this time (e.g., was there a trigger to their presenting problem?)

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13
Q

Perpetuating factor

A

Factors that contribute to the continuation or worsening of symptoms (e.g., what is maintaining their presenting problem?)

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14
Q

Protective factor

A

Client strengths, supports

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15
Q

Formulation

A

A hypothesis about the predisposing, precipitants, and maintaining influences of a person’s psychological, interpersonal, and behavioural problems; it guides therapy by helping identify treatment goals, and potential problems that may arise

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16
Q

Definition

developed by David Wechsler, and one of the most widely used, individually administered, intellectual assessment batteries; the latest version, WAIS-IV, was published in 2008

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

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17
Q

Definition

a request for psychological testing or assessment is usually raised by a client or other professionals who work with the client; it can be general or specific

A

Referral question

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18
Q

Definition

a report to provide a client or a referral agent with the answer(s) to the referral questions based on the results of testing and assessment; it is usually provided in a written format that has a commonly agreed structure

A

Psychological report

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19
Q

Definition

a 344-item self-report scale designed to collect information relating to clinical diagnosis, treatment planning and screening for psychopathology in adults

A

Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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20
Q

Definition

a test developed to assess major patterns of personality and emotional disorders using the empirical-keying approach; the latest version, MMPI-2 was published in 1989 and it requires a test taker to respond to 567 items and takes 60 to 90 minutes to complete

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

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21
Q

Definition

a comprehensive set of questions and observations used by psychologists to gauge the mental state of a client, which usually covers areas such as appearance, behaviour, orientation, memory, sensorium, affect, mood, thought content and thought process, intellectual resources, insight and judgement

A

Mental status examination

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22
Q

Definition

a 42-item self-report scale that aims to measure the state of depression, anxiety and stress in adult over the previous week

A

Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Definition

a standard classification system of mental disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association for professionals to use to diagnose mental disorders

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

How well did you know this?
1
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3
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24
Q

Definition

a technique for collecting information about a client; it may take many forms, for example, a psychoanalytic perspective includes detailed exploration of the personal and family history of the client, particularly with respect to psychosocial development, conflict, and defense, self and interpersonal processes

A

Clinical interview

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25
Q

Definition

the phenomenon that people tend to accept vague and general personality descriptions as uniquely applicable to themselves without realising the same description could be applied to just about anyone

A

Barnum Effect

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26
Q

Definition

Factors that make the client more vulnerable to their presenting problem (e.g., genetic vulnerabilities)

A

Predisposing factor

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27
Q

Definition

Immediate factors or events that have caused the client to present at this time (e.g., was there a trigger to their presenting problem?)

A

Precipitating factor

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28
Q

Definition

Factors that contribute to the continuation or worsening of symptoms (e.g., what is maintaining their presenting problem?)

A

Perpetuating factor

29
Q

Definition

Client strengths, supports

A

Protective factor

30
Q

Definition

A hypothesis about the predisposing, precipitants, and maintaining influences of a person’s psychological, interpersonal, and behavioural problems; it guides therapy by helping identify treatment goals, and potential problems that may arise

A

Formulation

31
Q

What is the objective of clinical assessment?

A

To diagnose (if symptoms meet criteria for a disorder), to develop a case formulation, and to subsequently design and implement a treatment plan

32
Q

How do you collect information during clinical assessment?

A
  • Clinical interview
  • Observations (behavioural assessments)
  • Clinical tests
  • Obtain measures of “premorbid functioning”
33
Q

What are the advantages of diagnosis?

A
  • Enables groups of participants with similar problems to be researched, and treatments to be trialled
  • Large multi-centred trials possible
  • Enables easy communication – shared language for clients to be informed, to find support
  • Evidence-based guidelines
  • Can help make sense of symptoms – understanding
34
Q

What are the disadvantages of diagnosis?

A
  • Can be simplistic
  • Often not reflective of comorbidities
  • Stigma
  • Biomedical model may not be consistent with clinician’s frame of reference.
  • May not fit with cultural perspectives
35
Q

What is the difference between a diagnosis and a formulation?

A

A diagnosis involves determining the nature of a disorder by identifying signs and symptoms whereas a formulation is a hypothesis about the predisposing, precipitants, and maintaining influences of a person’s psychological, interpersonal, and behavioural problems; it guides therapy by helping identify treatment goals, and potential problems that may arise

36
Q

What are the 4Ps of case formulation?

A

Predisposing factors

Precipitating factors

Perpetuating factors

Protective factors

37
Q

______________: Factors that make the client more vulnerable to their presenting problem (e.g., genetic vulnerabilities)

______________: Immediate factors or events that have caused the client to present at this time (e.g., was there a trigger to their presenting problem?)

______________: Factors that contribute to the continuation or worsening of symptoms (e.g., what is maintaining their presenting problem?)

______________: Client strengths, supports

A

Predisposing factors: Factors that make the client more vulnerable to their presenting problem (e.g., genetic vulnerabilities)

Precipitating factors: Immediate factors or events that have caused the client to present at this time (e.g., was there a trigger to their presenting problem?)

Perpetuating factors: Factors that contribute to the continuation or worsening of symptoms (e.g., what is maintaining their presenting problem?)

Protective factors: Client strengths, supports

38
Q

What is a clinical interview used for?

A
  • To arrive at a diagnosis
  • To pinpoint areas that must be addressed in psychotherapy
  • Elicit emotions, thoughts and attitudes
  • To determine whether someone is at risk to themselves or others
  • To guide decisions about what else needs to be done for further assessment, and whether other services need to be involved
39
Q

Important to establish a _____________ – an agreement between client and therapist setting forth goals, expectations, and mutual obligations regarding the course of therapy.

A

Important to establish a therapeutic contract – an agreement between client and therapist setting forth goals, expectations, and mutual obligations regarding the course of therapy.

40
Q

In what ways can clinical interview differ?

A

Content

Structure

Tone

41
Q

Clinical interview do not differ in the goal of gathering information in the which areas?

A
  • Demographic data
  • Reason for referral
  • Current psychological conditions
  • Past psychological history/contact with mental health professionals
  • Current medical conditions
  • Past medical history
  • Family mental health history/medical history
42
Q

All interviews involve mutual interaction (i.e., all participants influence each other) – _____________

A

All interviews involve mutual interaction (i.e., all participants influence each other) – social facilitation

43
Q

What are some examples of verbal clinical interviewing techniques?

A

transitional phrase, verbatim playback, paraphrase, clarify, summarize, empathy/understanding statements

44
Q

What are some examples of non-verbal clinical interviewing techniques?

A

head nods, posture, facial expression, eye movements

45
Q

What does the Mental Status Examination (MSE) include?

A

Includes both objective and subjective data (e.g., what is observed of the client in the assessment, and what the client is describing as their symptoms).

Appearance, Behaviour, Orientation, Memory, Psychomotor Activity, State of Consciousness, Affect, Mood,Thought form and content, Perception, Intellectual resources, Insight and Judgement

46
Q

What must you always consider during a clinical interview?

A
  • Referral question
  • Context and setting of the interview
  • Gathering case history data
  • Motivation and willingness of interviewee/interviewer
  • Cultural factors and individual differences
47
Q

What is does being culturally informed mean?

A

Defined as an approach to evaluation that is perceptive of and responsive to issues of acculturation, values, identity, worldview, language, and other cultural-related variables as they may impact the evaluation process or the interpretation of resulting data

48
Q

To be culturally informed, you must be mindful of what?

A
  • Customs regarding personal space, eye contact, touch
  • Use of translators
  • Meaning of distress/disorder in other cultures
  • Reporting of physical symptoms
49
Q

Which mnemonic is useful to remember individual differences that assessors should always be aware of? What does it stand for?

A

ADRESSING

Age

Disability

Religion

Ethnicity

Social status

Sexual orientation

Indiginous heritage

National origin

Gender

50
Q

What are tests and screening tools used for?

A

Used to assist with making diagnoses, or to assess specific traits, states, interests, and attitudes

Can be used to track treatment progress over time

51
Q

Which tests are specific for testing addiction?

A
  • Addiction Severity Index (ASI)
  • Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
  • Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement
  • Screening Test (ASSIST)
  • Addiction Potential Scale (APS)
52
Q

What is Forensic clinical assessment?

A

Forensic clinical assessment can be broadly defined as the theory and application of psychological evaluation and measurement in a legal context as well as assessing re-offending risk, readiness to re-enter community, need and readiness for therapeutic intervention.

53
Q

What are some examples of forensic clinical assessments?

A
  • Stalking Risk Profile (SRP)
  • The Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol (RSVP)
  • HCR-20 Violence Risk Assessment
54
Q

What are some exmples of trauma assessment tools?

A
  • Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)
  • Brief Trauma Questionnaire (BTQ)
55
Q

What are some physical signs of child abuse/neglect?

A

Physical injuries

Poor hygiene

Inappropriate dress

56
Q

What are some emotional and behavioural signs of child abuse/neglect?

A
  • Unusual reactions to other children
  • Low self-esteem
  • Extreme or inappropriate moods
  • Aggressiveness
  • Social withdrawal
  • Nail biting, thumb sucking, other habits
57
Q

What is the psychological report?

A

Psychological report encompasses findings from various methods of assessment

58
Q

True or False:

A psychological report should contain all information gathered through assessment and interviews

A

False

Should only contain RELEVANT data

59
Q

What features should be included in a psychological report?

A
  • History of presenting problems
  • Past psychiatric history
  • Safety
  • Medical history
  • Relevant family history
  • Personal history
  • Mental Status Examination
  • Summary and formulation
60
Q

In order, what is the typical 6 step process in clinical assessment?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Referral for assessment, Assessment session occurs, Feedback session, Psychological report is written, Referral questions provided, Preparation by assessor through assessment tool selection

A

In order, what is the typical 6 step process in clinical assessment?

1: [Referral for assessment]
2: [Referral questions provided]
3: [Preparation by assessor through assessment tool selection]
4: [Assessment session occurs]
5: [Feedback session]
6: [Psychological report is written]

61
Q

Which of the following is a disadvantage to diagnosis?

Select one:

a. Clinician’s frame of reference may not be consistent with biomedical models
b. Can be too complicated
c. May be reflective of comorbidities
d. Large trials are not possible

A

Which of the following is a disadvantage to diagnosis?

Select one:

a. Clinician’s frame of reference may not be consistent with biomedical models

b. Can be too complicated
c. May be reflective of comorbidities
d. Large trials are not possible

62
Q

Which of the following is/are NOT included in the 4 P’s of case formulation?

Select one or more:

Parsimonious

Protective

Predisposing

Provocative

Parallel

Perpetuating

Precipitating

A

Which of the following is/are NOT included in the 4 P’s of case formulation?

Select one or more:

Parsimonious

Protective

Predisposing

Provocative

Parallel

Perpetuating

Precipitating

63
Q

In the mental status examination, a comprehensive set of questions are asked and observations made to gauge the mental state of the client. Some examples are listed below. How would the assessor evaluate their client in each of the following areas?

Judgement:

Sensorium:

Insight:

Thought content and process:

Options:

  • is the client aware there is a problem?*
  • does the client, for example, show illogical reasoning and arguments?*
  • does the client have good verbal ability?*
  • is the client able to attend and concentrate during the exam?*
  • does the client have the ability to, for example, make plans and solve problems?*
A

In the mental status examination, a comprehensive set of questions are asked and observations made to gauge the mental state of the client. Some examples are listed below. How would the assessor evaluate their client in each of the following areas?

Judgement: does the client have the ability to, for example, make plans and solve problems?

Sensorium: is the client able to attend and concentrate during the exam?

Insight: is the client aware there is a problem?

Thought content and process: does the client, for example, show illogical reasoning and arguments?

64
Q

True or false:

Clinical interviews use a mix of open-ended and closed-ended questions, though closed-ended questions are typically presented first.

A

False

While clinical interviews do use a mix of both questions, open ended questions are typically presented first and are followed up with closed-ended questions to obtain more specific information.

65
Q

Are any of the following examples of transitional phrases used in clinical interviews? If so, which?

Select one or more:

I see

So to summarise, you have been…

That must be so difficult

What do you mean by that?

None of these are transitional phrases

A

Are any of the following examples of transitional phrases used in clinical interviews? If so, which?

Select one or more:

I see

So to summarise, you have been…

That must be so difficult

What do you mean by that?

None of these are transitional phrases

66
Q

Being culturally informed is defined as being perceptive of and responsive to issues of…

Select one or more:

Worldview

Identity

Language

Values

A

Being culturally informed is defined as being perceptive of and responsive to issues of…

Select one or more:

Worldview

Identity

Language

Values

67
Q

When considering individual differences, the assessor should take into account several factors. The acronym for this is: ADDRESSING. What does the R stand for?

Select one:

a. Religion
b. Romantic attachments
c. Race
d. Relationships

A

When considering individual differences, the assessor should take into account several factors. The acronym for this is: ADDRESSING. What does the R stand for?

Select one:

a. Religion

b. Romantic attachments
c. Race
d. Relationships

68
Q

One test of addiction severity is the:

Options:

  • Addictive behaviours evaluation*
  • Assessment of alcohol and drug use*
  • Substance and substance abuse assessment*
  • Alcohol, smoking and substance involvement*
A

One test of addiction severity is the Alcohol, smoking and substance involvement

69
Q

The Barnum effect is when:

Options:

  • People tend to accept vague personality descriptions as applicable to themselves*
  • People tend to accept vague personality descriptions as applicable to themselves and others*
  • People tend to reject vague personality descriptions are applicable to themselves*
  • People tend to reject and project vague personality descriptions to others*
A

The Barnum effect is when People tend to accept vague personality descriptions as applicable to themselves

PSY3041 (12 decks)

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