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PSY3041 > Ethics: Key Principles, Dilemmas and Decision-Making Procedures > Flashcards

Ethics: Key Principles, Dilemmas and Decision-Making Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Morals

A

one’s perspective of what’s right and proper conduct

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2
Q

Ethics

A

a set of principles for guiding behaviours; in the case of psychological testing and assessment, for guiding professional behaviours

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3
Q

Ethical dilemma

A

Occurs when there exists a conflict, involving a clash of ethical principles, between two competing interests and/or actions

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4
Q

Positive illusions

A

unrealistically favorable attitudes that people have towards themselves or to people that are close to them

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5
Q

Egocentrism

A

the inability to differentiate between self and other. More specifically, it is the inability to untangle subjective schemas from objective reality and an inability to accurately assume or understand any perspective other than one’s own

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6
Q

Omission biases

A

the tendency to favor an act of omission over one of commission

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7
Q

APS Code of Ethics

A

Identifies key principles and professional practices which safeguard the welfare of consumers and the integrity of the profession

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8
Q

APS Ethical Guidelines

A

Complement the Code by clarifying and illustrating the application of ethical principles in various circumstances

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9
Q

Deontological

A

the branch of ethics that focuses on the concepts of duty and moral obligation. Suggests that some human actions are intrinsically ‘right’ or ‘wrong’, irrespective of the outcome

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10
Q

Consequentionalist

A

the branch of ethics that focuses on the consequences or outcomes of actions, not the underlying intention. The “good” or “right” action is that which promotes the greatest good consequences for the greatest number

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11
Q

Personality-based ethics

A

the branch of ethics that emphasises virtues as the measurement of morality. Rather than reduce ethics to right and wrongs, this view prefers to cultivate the virtuous individual

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12
Q

Utilitarianism

A

the ‘right’ action is that which maximises happiness/wellbeing for as many people as possible

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13
Q

Dignity

A

treating each person as an end in themselves rather than as a means to an end

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14
Q

Equitability

A

being fair and impartial in judgments and relationships

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15
Q

Prudence

A

requires that we take care to ensure that the potential for damage is eliminated or minimised

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16
Q

Honesty

A

behaving in a way that is straightforward and truthful

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17
Q

Openness

A

acting in accord with this principle necessitates that, within the relationship, communication should be characterised by candour and free of hypocrisy

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18
Q

Goodwill

A

refers to generating a reputation of being concerned for others and perhaps altruistic

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19
Q

Suffering prevention

A

involves not only the prevention of suffering, but also its alleviation

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20
Q

Definition

one’s perspective of what’s right and proper conduct

A

Morals

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21
Q

Definition

a set of principles for guiding behaviours; in the case of psychological testing and assessment, for guiding professional behaviours

A

Ethics

22
Q

Definition

Occurs when there exists a conflict, involving a clash of ethical principles, between two competing interests and/or actions

A

Ethical dilemma

23
Q

Definition

unrealistically favorable attitudes that people have towards themselves or to people that are close to them

A

Positive illusions

24
Q

Definition

the inability to differentiate between self and other. More specifically, it is the inability to untangle subjective schemas from objective reality and an inability to accurately assume or understand any perspective other than one’s own

A

Egocentrism

25
Q

Definition

the tendency to favor an act of omission over one of commission

A

Omission biases

26
Q

Definition

Identifies key principles and professional practices which safeguard the welfare of consumers and the integrity of the profession

A

APS Code of Ethics

27
Q

Definition

Complement the Code by clarifying and illustrating the application of ethical principles in various circumstances

A

APS Ethical Guidelines

28
Q

Definition

the branch of ethics that focuses on the concepts of duty and moral obligation. Suggests that some human actions are intrinsically ‘right’ or ‘wrong’, irrespective of the outcome

A

Deontological

29
Q

Definition

the branch of ethics that focuses on the consequences or outcomes of actions, not the underlying intention. The “good” or “right” action is that which promotes the greatest good consequences for the greatest number

A

Consequentionalist

30
Q

Definition

the branch of ethics that emphasises virtues as the measurement of morality. Rather than reduce ethics to right and wrongs, this view prefers to cultivate the virtuous individual

A

Personality-based ethics

31
Q

Definition

the ‘right’ action is that which maximises happiness/wellbeing for as many people as possible

A

Utilitarianism

32
Q

Definition

treating each person as an end in themselves rather than as a means to an end

A

Dignity

33
Q

Definition

being fair and impartial in judgments and relationships

A

Equitability

34
Q

Definition

requires that we take care to ensure that the potential for damage is eliminated or minimised

A

Prudence

35
Q

Definition

behaving in a way that is straightforward and truthful

A

Honesty

36
Q

Definition

acting in accord with this principle necessitates that, within the relationship, communication should be characterised by candour and free of hypocrisy

A

Openness

37
Q

Definition

refers to generating a reputation of being concerned for others and perhaps altruistic

A

Goodwill

38
Q

Definition

involves not only the prevention of suffering, but also its alleviation

A

Suffering prevention

39
Q

Why do we need to learn about ethics in psychology?

A

There is a clear power imbalance between the psychologist and consumer who is often vulnerable. Therefore, psychologists need to take responsibility for their actions

40
Q

Why is the APS Code of Ethics important?

A
  • Sets specific standards and promotes ethical principles
  • Educates psychologists about ethical practices
  • Holds psychologists accountable for their actions
  • Informs the consumer of psychologists’ responsibilities
  • Safeguards consumers and the reputation of the profession
  • Provides guidance in decision-making when dilemmas arise
41
Q

What is the difference between a mixed dilemma and an ethical dilemma?

A

A dilemma occurs when then there exists a conflict between two competing interests and/or actions.

When the conflict involves a clash of ethical principles, the dilemma is ethical.

When the conflict involves a clash of an ehtical principle and some non-ethical consideration (e.g. the law, employer’s demands), the dilemma is mixed.

42
Q

What are the three basic theoretical perspectives on ethics?

A

Deontological

Consequentionalist

Personality-based

43
Q

If an act is considered ethical because it was a product of good intention, which ethical view does it follow?

A

Deontological

44
Q

Which ethical view is utilitarianism apart of?

A

Consequentionalism

45
Q

What are some examples of universal virtuous characteristics?

A

Wisdom

Creativity

Curiosity

Fairness

Forgiveness

Integrity

Respectfulness

Benevolence

46
Q

What are the 7 first-level principles of ethics?

A

Dignity

Equitability

Prudence

Honesty

Openness

Goodwill

Suffering prevention

47
Q

What are the three general principles to the APS Code of Ethics?

A

A. Respect for the rights and dignity of people and peoples

B. Propriety

C. Integrity

48
Q

What is the Commonsense, Objectivity Trap?

A

The belief that “commonsense, objective solutions” to professional ethical dilemmas are easy to come by

49
Q

What is the Values Trap?

A

A psychologist’s personal values, moral standards, or religious convictions may conflict with requirements specified by professional code

50
Q

What is the Circumstantiality Trap?

A

Belief that there are no absolute ‘rights’ or ‘wrongs’, but rather that etical behaviour depends on the circumstances. But behaviour is often right or wrong according to professional ethical standards regardless of the circumstances under which it occurred

51
Q

What is the “Who Will Benefit?” Trap?

A

The resolution of an ethical dilemma often means taking sides among two or more conflicting interests

PSY3041 (12 decks)

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