GROUP 4 Flashcards
What functional groups defines carboxylic acid?
Carboxyl group (- COOH)
Which of the following is a derivative of carboxylic acid?
Ester
What is the Z group in esters?
An oxygen atom bonded to an alkyl group
How are acid anhydride generally formed?
By the elimination of water from two carboxylic acids
Which derivative of carboxylic acids is known for its fruity or floral odor ?
Esters
What is a distinguishing feature of acyl chlorides ?
Contains a chlorine atom
How can esters be prepared?
By reacting carboxylic acid with an alcohol
What physical property distinguishes amides from esters?
Higher boiling point due to hydrogen bonding
What is a primary use of acyl chlorides in the real world?
Pharmaceuticals synthesis
Which of these derivatives requires harsher conditions for hydrolysis?
Amides
Carboxylic acids are classified as ___ or ___ based on wether an alkyl (R) or an aryl (Ar) group is attached to the carboxyl group (R-COOH) or Ar- COOH)
Aliphatic
Aromatic
Are molecules with an acyl functional group (___) that are closely related to carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acid derivatives
RCO-
Contains electronegative atom, such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur, directly bonded to the carbon of the carbonyl group.
Z groups
Are a type of carboxylic derivatives. Their Z group is an oxygen atom bonded to another alkyl R group, giving the STRUCTURE ___
Esters
RCOOR
We call the -COO- combination of atoms the ____
Ester linkage group
Their Z group is an amine group (___) giving them the structure ___. The combination of The C=O double bond and the amine group is known as the ____
Amides
-NH2
RCONH2
amide group
Amides have a generally structure ___
RCOOCOR
Two acyl groups joined by an Oxygen atom Z group
Acid anhydride
They’re a type of ACYL HALIDE, an acid derivative with a halogen atom Z group.
Acyl chloride
In acyl chloride the halogen atom is a ____.
Acyl chlorides have the general structure ____
Chlorine atom
RCOCI
Esters can be formed by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in an ___. They are also made by acylating alcohols using an acyl chloride or acid anhydrites
Esterification reaction
Amides can be formed by reacting an acyl chloride or acid anhydride with ammonia or a primary amine. This is called ___
Nucleophilic addition - elimination acylation reaction
Acid anhydride can theoretically be made in a ___ between two carboxylic acids
Dehydration reaction
___ are prepared by reacting carboxylic acids with phosphorus (V) chloride, phosphorus (III) chloride or sulfur dichloride oxide
Acyl chloride
Typically have strong pungent odor
Acyl chloride
Generally soluble in organic solvents (alcohol and ether) but less soluble in water due to limited hydrogen bonding capabilities
Esters
Generally soluble in organic solvents but reactive with water
Acyl chloride
Lower than corresponding carboxylic acids due to the absence of hydrogen bonding between ester molecules
Esters
Higher than esters but lower than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight due to their polar nature
Acyl chloride
Often have a sharp, acrid smell
Acid anhydride
Generally odorless or have a faint smell
Amides
Soluble in organic solvents less soluble in water compared to carboxylic acids
Acid anhydrites
Soluble in water, especially primary and secondary amides due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds
Amides
Higher than esters but lower than carboxylic acids
Acid anhydride
Higher boiling points compared to esters and acid chloride because tehy they can engage in strong hydrogen bonding
Amides
Are less reactive than acyl chloride but can undergo hydrolysis in acidic or basic conditions to yield carboxylic acids and alcohols
Esters
Acyl chloride are highly reactive due to the presence of a good leaving group (CI) readily reacting with water, alcohols and amines to produce carboxylic acids, esters, and amides respectively
Acyl chloride
Undergo nucleophilic substitution but slowly than acyl chloride
Esters
They undergo rapid nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction
Acyl chloride
React with water to form carboxylic acids and can also react with alcohols and amines to form esters and amides
Acid anhydrides
Less reactive than esters and acid chloride and requirer Harsher conditions for hydrolysis
Amides
They can undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution but at a slower rate compared to esters and acyl chloride
Amides
Are important for synthesizing esters. They are used in pharmaceutical manufacturing such as the production of aspirin through a reaction with salicylic acid
Acid anhydride
Integral to drug formulation; amoxicillin an antibiotic, contains an amide group in its structure
Amides
Key components in the production of polyamides like nylon, which is extensively used in the textiles and plastics
Amides
