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Neuro Endocrine 2 > Gross Brain, Brainstem, and spinal cord > Flashcards

Gross Brain, Brainstem, and spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

What subdivisions is the brain composed of

A

Forebrain, cerebellum, and the brainstem

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2
Q

WHat is the forebrain composed of

A

Cerebral hemispheres, and the diencephalon

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3
Q

WHere does the brainstem lie

A

The brainstem lies between the forebrain and the spinal cord

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4
Q

What is gray matter and what are the two other definitions of them

A

Areas containing neuron/glial cell bodies and dendrites

nuclei: collections of cell bodies with a common function

Cortex: Layers of gray matter over other parts of the CNS, for example cerebral and cerebellar cortices

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5
Q

What is white matter and the other names for it

A

areas where there is a collection of axons and many are covered with myelin

fasiculus, funiculus, lemniscus, peduncle, and tract

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6
Q

What is special about names of tracts

A

1st part is the location of neuronal cell bodies from which the axons originate

2nd part is the site the axons terminate

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7
Q

How many lobes are associate with each cerebral hemisphere, and what are the names of the sulci that devide them

A

5 lobes seperated by 4 prominent sulci

Central sulcus
lateral sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
cingulate sulcus

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8
Q

What connects the two hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the frontal lobe

A

Frontal pole to the central sulcus

laterally seperated by the lateral sulcus from the temporal lobe

medially it extends to the cingulate gyrus

Posteriorly it spans from top of the central sulcus to the cingulate sulcus

inferiorly it continues as the orbital part of the frontal lobe

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10
Q

What are the boundaries of the parietal lobe

A

Extends from the central sulcus to an imaginary line connecting the top of the parietooccipital sulcus and preoccipital notch

inferiorly it is bounded by the lateral sulcus and the imaginary continuation of this sulcus to the posterior boundary of the parietal lobe

Medially it is bounded inferiorly by the subparietal and calcarine sulci

bounded by the frontal lobe (anterior) and the parietoccipital sulcus (posterior)

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11
Q

What are the boundaries of the temporal lobe

A

Extends to the lateral sulcus and the line forming the inferior boundary of the parietal lobe (superior)

extends to the line connecting the top of the parietooccipital sulcus and the preoccipital notch (posterior)

Medially its posterior boundary is an imaginary line extending from the preoccipital notch toward the corpus callosum and part of its superior boundary is the collateral sulcus

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12
Q

What are the boundaries of the occipital lobe

A

bounded anteriorly by the parietal and temporal lobes on both the lateral and medial surfaces of the hemisphere

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13
Q

What are the boundaries of the limbic lobe

A

is a strip of cortex that encircles the telencephalon-diencephalon junction

interposed between the corpus callosum and the fronntal and occipital lobes

curves around to occupy part of the medial surface of what would otherwise be called the temporal lobe

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14
Q

What does the precentral gyrus house

A

the primary motor cortex

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15
Q

What houses the pre-motor and supplementary motor areas and what is this

A

remainder of the precentral gyrus and portions of the frontal gyri

the supplementary motor areas are important for planning and initiating voluntary movements

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16
Q

Brocas area

A

opercular and triangular parts of inferior frontal gyrus (one hemisphere, usually the left)

important for motor aspects of written and spoken language

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17
Q

What makes up the prefrontal cortex and its functions

A

Occupies the rest of the frontal lobe

involved with executive functions, personality, decision, making, insight, and foresight

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18
Q

What is the function of the post central gyrus

A

corresponds to primary somatosensory cortex

controls processing of tactile and proprioceptive information, sensory localization

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19
Q

Wernickes area

A

located on the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus (one hemisphere usualy left) which is important in the comprehension of language

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20
Q

What does the inferior parietal lobe and the rest of the parietal cortex play a role in?

A

Inferior parietal lobe: one hemisphere usually left and is involved in language comprehension

THe remainder of the parietal cortex has aspects in spatial orientation and directing attention

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21
Q

Homunculus

A

Contralateral half of the body is mapped in each post and precentral gyrus (somatosensation and motor) on a homunculus

this is spatially distorted to reflect the amount of innervation that is given to a specific body area

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22
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

superior surface continuing as a small area of the superior temporal gyrus

is the primary cortex for auditory

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23
Q

What is the inferior surface and medial part of the temporal lobe associated with

A

inferior surface: higher order processing of visual information

most medial part: involved in learning and memory

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24
Q

What makes up the limbic structures

A

cingulate and parahippocampal gyri, and uncus

hippocampus and amygdala can be found at the base of this lobe

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25
Q

What is the function of the limbic role

A

important for emotional responses, drive related behavior and memory

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26
Q

where is the insula and what outlines the insula

A

buried deep to the lateral sulcus

the Circular sulcus outines the insula and marks its borders with the opercular areas of cortex

27
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located

A

contained in the walls of the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe

28
Q

What does the remainder of the occipital lobe do

A

the lateral occipital gyri, and cuneus

are involved in visual association cortex
-involved in higher order processing of visual information

29
Q

What makes up the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus

infundibular stalk
mammillary bodies

30
Q

What are the basal nuclei

A

group of nuclei deep to the cerebral cortex in each hemisphere

caudate and lenticular nucleus (subdivided into putament and globus pallidus) - these are associated with movement

31
Q

What are arcuate fibers

A

White matter that connect cortical areas within the same sulci/gyri

32
Q

What are longitudinal/association fasciculi

A

white matter that connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere

33
Q

What are projection tracts

A

white matter that connect the cortical areas within other body regions

34
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, contains somewhere around 250 million axons

35
Q

What is the anterior commissure

A

commissural fibers to/from temporal lobe (especially inferior parts )

36
Q

What is the internal capsule and what makes it up

A

white matter structure divided into limbs

Anterior limb
Genu - face
Posterior limb
Sublenticular limb
retrolenticular limb
37
Q

What are the three divisions of the brainstem

A

Midbrain
pons
medulla

38
Q

What does the midbrain house?

A

the tectum
su[perior and inferior colliculi
cerebral peduncles

39
Q

What does the pons house

A

Protruding pons

pontine tegmentum forms part of the floor of the 4th ventricle

40
Q

Whad does the medulla house

A

rostral open portion, contains part of the 4th ventricle

caudal is the closed portion and is continuous with the SC

41
Q

What is the function and anatomy of the cerebellum

A

functunings in sensory information processing and influences motor neurons

(fine and fluid mvmts)

cerebellar damage results in abnormalities of equilibrium, postral control and cordination of voluntary mvmts

surface is made up of folia

prominent fissures divide it into lobes and lobules

White matter in the medullary center, composed of afferent and or efferent fibers

42
Q

what is the significance of the posterior rootlets of the spinal cord

A

posterior rootlets enter the SC via the posterolateral sulcus

43
Q

what is the significance of the anterior rootlets of the spinal cord

A

anterior rootlets leave the SC via the anterolateral sulcus

44
Q

components of the posterior horn

A

Substantia gelatinosa: gray matter that caps the posterior horn

Body: interneurons and projection neurons that transmit information

lissauers tract: white matter located btwn the substantia gelatinosa and the surface of the SC

45
Q

what is clarks nucleus

A

also called posterior thoracic nucleus

cells located on the medial surface of the base of the posterior horn (T1 to L2)

has a prominent role in sensory processing and typically treated as part of the posterior horn

46
Q

what makes up the intermediate gray matter

A

Collection of various projection neurons, sensory interneurons, and interneurons

preganglionic sympathetic neurons (T1-L3) in the intermediolateral cell column, form the lateral horn
- leave via ventral roots

Sacral parasympathetic nucleus spans S2-S4 but does not form a distinct lateral horn

47
Q

Nucleus, level and function of Lamina: I

A

Nucleus: Marginal zone

Levels: all

Function: some spinothalamic tract cells

48
Q

Nucleus, level and function of Lamina: II

A

Nucleus: substantia gelatinosa

levels: all

Function: Modulate the transmission of pain and temperature information

49
Q

Nucleus, level and function of Lamina: III-VI

A

Nucleus: Body of posterior horn

levels: all

Function: sensory processing

50
Q

Nucleus, level and function of Lamina: VII

A

nucleus: Clarkes nucleus
levels: T1 -L2
function: Posterior spinocerebellar tract cells

51
Q

Nucleus, level and function of Lamina: VII

A

nucleus: sacral parasympathetic nucleus
levels: S2- S4
function: Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons to the pelvic viscera

52
Q

Nucleus, level and function of Lamina: IX

A

nucleus: Accessory nucleus
levels: medulla - C5
function: Motor neurons to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

53
Q

Nucleus, level and function of Lamina: IX

A

Nucleus: Phrenic nucleus

levels: C3-C5
function: Motor neurons to the diaphragm

54
Q

what does the 2nd order neuron do

A

relay a signal from the primary afferents in the periphery to a target in the CNS

may or may not cross midline

55
Q

what does the 3rd order neuron do

A

relay messages to a final target in a specific cortical area

cortex then decides on given output

56
Q

What are three main ascending tracts

A

Posterior columns
spinocerebellar tracts
anterolateral system

57
Q

what relays in the posterior column

A

convey ipsilateral proprioceptive, tactile and vibratory info from the body (not face)

58
Q

what relays in the spinocerebellar tract

A

information relays to cerebellum, thalamus, and motor cortex to influence efficiency of motor activity

59
Q

what relays in anterolateral system

A

relays pain, temperature, and nondiscriminative touch from body (not face)

60
Q

What are three main descending tracts

A

Corticospinal tract
vestibulospinal tract
rubrospinal tract

61
Q

what relays in the corticospinal tract

A

controls voluntary, fine movements of the musculature

62
Q

what relays in the vestibulospinal tract

A

influence motor neurons innervating primarily axial and neck musculature

63
Q

what relays in the rubrospinal tract

A

excite flexor motor neurons and inhibit extensor motor neurons

Neuro Endocrine 2 (24 decks)

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