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Neuro Endocrine 2 > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of the gray matter of the cerebellum

A

Molecular layer: next to pial surface, has few neurons
cell bodies of basket cells and stellate cells

Purkinje layer: contains the purkinje cell bodies (2nd superficial layer

Granular layer: deepest layer of gray matter
contains granule cells and a few golgi cells

White matter: axons of neurons

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2
Q

Purkinje cell functions

A

Efferent cells

output crells from the cerebellar cortex

  • inhibit the cerebellar nuclei and the vestibular nuclei
  • neurotransmitter is GABA

Highly differentiated with many dendrites

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3
Q

Granule cell functions

A

Only excitatiory neurons

  • smallest neurons
  • neurotransmitter is glutamate
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4
Q

Stellate cell functions

A

axons synapse with only the purkinje cells and inhibit them
star shapped dendrites

found in the molecular layer

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5
Q

Golgi cell function

A

inhibitory neurons
neurotransmitter is GABA

largely scattered neurons with short axons

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6
Q

Basket cell function

A

their axons synapse with purkinje cells and nhibit them
found in the molecular layer

neurotransmitter is GABA

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7
Q

What are the climbing fibers

A

Afferent fibers to the Cerebellum

  • from the inferior olive
  • Myelinated with excitatory influence on purkinje cells
  • convey info regarding movement errors to the cerebellum
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8
Q

What are the mossy fibers

A

from spinal cord, reticuar formation, vestibular system and pontine nuclei

  • synapse with granulocytes
  • convey somatosensory, arousal, equilibrium and cerebral cortex motor info to cerebellum
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9
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

Division of the spinal cord that contains the nodulus and the flocculus

functional name for the flocculonodular lobe

  • receives info directly from vestibular receptors
  • sends output to the vestibular nuclei
  • also recieves info from visual areas

Functions to influence eye movements and postural muscles of head and body

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10
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

Functional name for vermis (medial) and paravermal (lateral) region

Somatosensory info, internal feedback from spinal interneurons and sensorimotor cortex

Functions to control ongoing movement via the brainstem descending tracts

  • important for gait
  • influences medial upper motor neurons and lateral upper motor neurons
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11
Q

Pontocerebellum

A

Lateral hemispheres of cerebellum

input from cerebral cortex (premotor, sensorimotor, and others via the pontine nuclei
-functions in coordination of voluntary movements, planning of movements and timing

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12
Q

Afferent fibers entering the cerebellum: Vestibular system

A

from the vestibular nuclei
Cranial nerve VIII

all via Mossy fibers

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13
Q

Afferent fibers entering the cerebellum: Spinal cord

A

Anterior spinocerebellar tract (legs)
Posterior spinocerebellar tract (legs)
Cuneocerebellar tract (Arms)

all via mossy fibers
all enter through the Inferior Cerebellar peduncle

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14
Q

Afferent fibers entering the cerebellum: Cerebral cortex

A

Cortico-pontinecerebellar (mossy)
Cortico- olivocerebellar (climbing fibers)
Cortico-reticulocerebellar (mossy)

all three enter the cerebellum through the Cerebellar peduncle

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15
Q

nerve pathway of the Posterior cerebellar tract

A

Axons are carrying unconscious proprioception from lower limb

1st order neuron enters via the dorsal root ganglion and ascends in gracile fasciculus
-synapse in nucleus dorsalis of clark (C8-L2)

2nd order neuron will ascend in posterior spinocerebellar tract and enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body)

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16
Q

nerve pathway of the cunecerebellar tract

A

Axons carrying unconscious proprioception from the upper limb

1st order neuron enters via the dorsal root ganglion and ascends in cuneate fasciculus
-synapses in accessory (external or lateral) cuneate nucleus

2nd order neuron form accessory cuneate nucleus ascends to cerebellum and enters via the inferior cerebellar nucleus (juxtarestiform body)

17
Q

nerve pathway of the anterior spinocerebellar tract

A

carries proprioception from the lower limb and will decussate at the level and travel in the anterior spinocerebellar tract

once it reaches the pons it will decusate again as it travels through the superior cerebellar peduncle to the cerebellum

18
Q

What travels through the superior cerebellar peduncle

A

major efferent route from the globose, emboliform, and dentate nuclei

afferent fibers from the ventral spinocerebellar tract run here aswell

19
Q

what travels through the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

largest peduncle

afferent fibers frompontine nuclei relayed to cortex

20
Q

what travels through the inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Primarily afferent pathways from spinal cord

21
Q

what is the function of the vestibulocerebellum

A

eye movements
neck and trunk movements

flocculonodular lobe

22
Q

what is the function of the Spinocerebellum

A

Axial and lower extremity movements
gait and station

vermis and paravermal

23
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum

A

Percise, coordinated movements of extremities
Mainly upper extremity

lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum

24
Q

Information goes into the Dentate nucleus from where and goes to where

A

afferent is cerebrocerebellum and spinocerebellum via purkinje fibers

effernt will be to the Red nucleus and the ventral lateral thalamus

25
Q

Information goes into the globose and emboliform from where and goes to where

A

afferent: spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum
efferent: red nucleus and thalamus (ventral lateral)

these two nuclei can also be called the interposed nuclei

26
Q

Information goes into the fastigial nucleus from where and goes to where

A

Afferent: spinocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum

efferent: Reticular formation and vestibular nucleus

27
Q

what is some information in the cerebellum that skips going to the deep nuclei of the cerebelllum

A

some afferents from the vestibulocerebellum will skip going to the deep nuclei and will travel on the purkinje fibers all the way to the vestibular nucleus

28
Q

What are the 4 deep nuclei of the Cerebellum

A

Fastigial, globose, emboliform, and the dentate

29
Q

how will cerebellar unilateral lesions affect the body

A

affects the ipsilateral side

Ataxia:
common to all lesions of cerebellum
Voluntary normal strength, jerky and inaccurate movements not associated with hyperstiffness
tend to fall to the side of the lesion

30
Q

Lesions to the vestibulocerebellumq

A

connections between the vestibular system and the flocculonodular lobe

nystagmus

Truncal ataxia: difficulty maintaining sitting and standing balance
truncal instabillity
-cant tandem walk

31
Q

Lesions of the spinocerebellum

A

connections between the cutaneous and proprioceptive information coming from the spinal cord to the vermis and paravermis regions

gait and truncal ataxia: wide base, staggering base

32
Q

Midline ataxia

A

ataxic syndromes caused by vestibulocerebellar and spinocerebellar disease are called midline ataxia:
Truncal instabillity
-titubation: tremor of the trunk
-gait ataxia: wide base, irregular steps with lateral veering
Equilibratory (gait) ataxias
-gait ataxia: wide based, irregular steps with lateral veering

33
Q

Lesions of the cerebrocerebellum

A

Dysarthria: slurred, poorly articulated speech
Ataxic gait
-staggering ataxic gait with tendency to fall toward side of the lesion
Decomposition of movements

Limb ataxia manifestations:
Dysdiadochokinesia: inability to rapidly alternate movements
Dysmetria: inability to accurately move an intended distance
Action tremor: shaking of the limb during voluntary movement

34
Q

Cerebellar Ataxia

A

romberg test is positive

unable to stand with feet together
-with or without eyes open

normal vibratory sense, proprioception and ankle reflexes

35
Q

Sensory Ataxia

A

Can stand with feet together with eyes open, but not closed (positive romberg test)

abnormal vibratory sense, proprioception and ankle reflexes

36
Q

How to test for the vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum

A

station
walking
tandem gait

37
Q

How to test for the cerebrocerebellum

A 
rapid alternating movements
finger to nose
toe to finger
heel to shin 
rebound and check reflex
speech

Neuro Endocrine 2 (24 decks)

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