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Neuro Endocrine 2 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What Basal nuclei are apart of the: Dorsal Basal Nucleus

A

Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

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2
Q

What Basal nuclei are apart of the: Ventral Striatum

A

Nucleus Acumbens

Olfacatory Nucleus

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3
Q

What Basal nuclei are apart of the: Ventral Palladium

A

Substantia Innominata

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4
Q

What Basal nuclei are apart of the: Striatum

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

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5
Q

What Basal nuclei are apart of the: Paleostriatum

A

Globus pallidus

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6
Q

What Basal nuclei are apart of the: Lenticular Nucleus

A

Putamen

Globus Pallidus

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7
Q

What Basal nuclei are apart of the: Striatal Complex

A

Caudate Nuceus
Putamen
Nucleus Accumbens
Olfactory Tubercle

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8
Q

What Basal nuclei are apart of the: Palladial Complex

A

globus pallidus

substantia Innominata

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9
Q

What are the parts of the globus pallidus

A

Internus

Externus

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10
Q

What are the parts of the substantia nigra

A 
Pars Compacta (superior)
Pars reticulata (inferior)
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11
Q

Parallel Circuts: Cortex, Input, output, relay, and role: Skeletomotorloop

A

Cortex: Primary motor, supplementary motor, premotor cortex

Input: Putamen

Output: Globus pallidus internus
Substantia nigra pars reticulata

relay: Ventral anterior
Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus

role: in the control of facial, limb, and trunk musculature

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12
Q

Parallel Circuts: Cortex, Input, output, relay, and role: Oculomotor loop

A

Cortex: Frontal eye field, supplementary eye field

input: Caudate (body)

output: Substantia nigra pars reticulata
Globus pallidus internus

Relay: Ventral anterior nucleus
medial dorsal nucleus

role: in control of saccadic eye movement
- putting the object of interest on the fovea

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13
Q

Parallel Circuts: Cortex, Input, output, relay, and role: Associative loop

A

Cortex: Prefrontal, premotor

input: Caaudate (body)

output: Substantia nigra pars reticulata
Globus pallidus internus

relay: Ventral anterior
medial dorsal

role: in cognition and executive behavioral functions

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14
Q

Parallel Circuts: Cortex, Input, output, relay, and role: Limbic loop

A

cortex: Anterior cingulate gyrus
orbitofrontal cortex

input: ventral striatum
output: Ventral pallidum (Globus pallidus internus, substantia nigra pars reticulata)

relay: Medial dorsal
ventral anterior

role: Participates in the motivational regulation of behavior and in emotions

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15
Q

Direct pathway (skeletalmotor loop)

A

Cortex sends excitatory glutamate to the striatum (putamen/caudate)

striatum sends inhibitory GABA/substance P to the globus pallidus internus or the substantia nigra pars reticulata

then from their they send inhibitory GABA to the thalamus specifically the VA and the VL

Then thalamus will send Excitatory information back to the supplementary to the supplementary motor area

(note: a feedback loop also occurs where the substantia nigra pars compacta will send Dopamine to inhibit/excite the striatum to further enhance or inhibit the loop)

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16
Q

Indirect pathway (skeletalmotor loop)

A

Cortex sends excitatory Glutamate down to the striatum

Striatum will release inhibitory GABA/enkephalin on to the globus pallidus external segment

the globus pallidus externus will send inhibitory GABA on to the subthalamic nucleus

the subthalamic nucleus will then send Excitatory glutamate to the globus pallidus internus/ substantia nigra pars reticulata

this will then send inhibitory GABA on to the thalamus specifically the VA and VL which will send excitatory on to the supplementary motor area

(note: a feedback loop also occurs where the substantia nigra pars compacta will send Dopamine to inhibit/excite the striatum to further enhance or inhibit the loop)

17
Q

Parkinsons disease

A

Loss of the substantia nigra and loss of the release of Dopamine

progressive starting at age of 60

Triad:
Tremor: pill rolling
Rigidity: cogwheel rigidity (resting tremor and rigidity)
Bradykinesia: toughtime moving

also can see hypokinesia, postral instabillity, dimentia, and visuperceptive impairments

can affect walking, speech and facial expressions

Treatment:
Drugs to increase dopamine levels, through adding dopamine or preventing its breakdown

18
Q

Causes of Parkinsonian syndrome

A

idiopathic parkinson disease

Encephalitis lethargica
Head trauma- dementia pugilistica
MPTP - designer drug that causes symptoms
Carbon monoxide and mangenese poisioning
Drug induced via neuroleptics: dopamine blocking drugs

wilson disease- heptaolenticular degeneration

rigidity plus other deficits in multiple neurodegenerative diseases

19
Q

Huntingtons Chorea

A

Degeneration of neurons in striatum leading to decreased GABA

20
Q

Huntingtons disease

A

Progressive disease with onset at average age of 45
Autosomal dominant
-HTT gene mutation leading to CAG trinucleotide repeats

involuntary, jerky, and rapid movements
dimentia
Unsteady gait, slurred speech, trouble maintaining tong protrusion, irregular breathing

Depression

21
Q

Huntington disease treatments

A 
Tetrabenazine (serotonin antagonist)
Typical antipsychotic (antagonize dopamine)
Reserpine, tetrabnazine (depleting dopamine)
22
Q

Ballismus

A

Flailing, flinging movement of the whole extremity seen in lesions of the contralateral subthalamic nucleus

can be related to stroke, inflammation. or tumor

23
Q

Chorea

A

spontaneous rapid, jerkey, arrhythmic and involuntary movements which are purposeless or fragments of motor programs

24
Q

Acute Rheumatic Fever

A

woman experienced acute rheumatic fever as a chile and it has developed into rhematic heart disease after heart valve damage

Arthiritis
heart inflammation
nodules subcutaneously
erythema marginatum
sydenhams chorea
25
Q

Athetosis

A

inabillity to sustain the body part in one position, movements are writhing or snake like, often seen whith chorea (choreoathetosis)

slow writhing, continuous movements

can be seen in combination with other disorders

seen with dopamine blocking drugs or hypoxic ischemic injury

26
Q

Writers cramp (focal dystonia)

A

persistance or fixing of the posture at the extreme of an athetoid movement of either the extremities or the trunk

non painful but can severly affect abillity to write

involuntary, sustained muscle contracture of extensors and or flexors of the hand

27
Q

Other types of dystonia

A

Torticollis (cervical dystonia)
Blepharospasm
Drug induced

Neuro Endocrine 2 (24 decks)

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