Gross anatomy of the Vertebral Column

Question 1

How many of each Vertebrae are there

Answer 1

7 cervical (c1- atlas, C2 axis)

12 throaccic

5 lumbar

5 sacral (fused)

4 coccygeal

Question 2

What are the primary curves of the spin

Answer 2

Throacic and sacrum - kyphosis

Question 3

what are the secondary curves of the veretbral column

Answer 3

Cervical and lumbar (lordosis)

Question 5

what is the pink called?

Answer 5

Pedicle

Question 6

what is the red arrow

what is the blue arrow

Answer 6

inferiro articula processes

superiro articualr processes

Question 7

where do spinal nerves exit the veretebral column?

Answer 7

intervertebral column

Question 8

What type of Vertebra is this?

Answer 8

Cervical

(loooks like a happy face)

lareg triangle shaped foramen

tranverse foramenm holes give rise to tranvers proccesses

small

Question 9

which Vertebae is this?

Answer 9

Atlas C1

Question 10

what is the function of atlas? C1

Answer 10

holds the skill-

superiro articular suraface (lateral mass) for occpital condyles articulate with C1

no vertebral body

very large foramen

Question 11

Label atlas

Answer 11

Key

facet for dens (atlas)- on antrerior arch

and superiro artiuclar sufrcae for occiptial condyle

Question 12

what is the role of the dens ?

Answer 12

Dens- (tooth liek) articulates with the face tanteriro arch fo atlas- allows shaking

Question 13

What kind of Vertebrae is this?

Answer 13

Thoracic

looks like a girraffe

heart shped vertebral body

ciruclar vertrbal forameen

Anteriror posteirroly facing superiro articular faces

Tranverse proccess with costal facet for ribs

dmei facets on vebtral body also for rib headf

Question 14

what type of vertrbae is this

Answer 14

Looks like a moose- Lumbar vertebae

has bean shaped large vertebral body for suport of weight

small trianglual vertebral body (cauda equina)

Lateral- faceing superrio facet s(hug eachother)

Question 15

what are the 4 curvatures of the adult spine

Answer 15

primary curves- kyphotic- thoracic and sacral

at birth all of spine is kyphotic

as we learn tos tand and wall - due to wegith bearign and gravity get secondayr curves (lordosos- lumbar and cervical spine)

Question 16

Label these abnromal spine curvature

Answer 16

Question 17

What may be cause of Excessive throacic kyphosis?

Answer 17

osteoporosis (traebcula rbone of vertbeal body affected)

can reuslt in signficant rduction in dynamic pulmonayr capacity

result in - humpback, loss of weight, more commmon in elderly woemn

Question 18

what is associated with excssive s lumbar lordosis

Answer 18

charcaterised by anteiror tilting of plevis (upper sacrum is flexed)

waekenbed trunk msucualrture

bear bellies- cause obesity due to weight bearing and grvaity

Question 19

how is scolisso characterised ?

Answer 19

abnormal lateral curvature that is acoompanied by rotation of the vertebrae

Question 20

Label the intervertbeal disc?

Answer 20

Question 21

Describe the oreination of the cervical, throacic and lumbar superiro and infeiror articular joints

Answer 21

Cervical- slanted

throacic- vertical

Lumbar hugging

the orientation of the joints allow/ restirct movement!

Question 22

What is the role of the Antlao-occipital joint?

Answer 22

nodding gliding movement

Question 23

what is the role of the medial antlo-axial joint

Answer 23

Dens and anteiror arhc of atlas

Allows for shaking (rotation of the head)

Question 24

what is the name of this ligament? role?

Answer 24

anteirro longitudinal ligament

(extends down whole vertrbal column, stops extra exension

Question 25

Label the ligaments

Answer 25

Question 26

what is this ligament?

Answer 26

supraspinous ligament

Question 27

what is this ligament

Answer 27

**interspinal** deep to suprapsinous

Question 28

What ligament this?

Answer 28

Ligamentum Flavum between the lamina of adjacent verbre bodies to get to spinal cord this is last ligament to go through

Question 29

Label these

Answer 29

Question 30

What are th movemetns of the spine

Answer 30

Question 31

Label this

Answer 31

Question 32

Describe the general organisation of muscles of the back (extrinsic and intrisic)

Answer 32

Extrinisc- dont develop in the back ( anteriro rami of spinal nerve)- uopper limbs and throacic wall movements intisinci back muscles- inervetd by the posteriro rami(dorsal)- support and move the vertbral colum and head- **Splenius muscles** **erector spinae muscle** **tranversopsinal muslces**

Question 33

What are the splenus muscles?

Answer 33

Most superifical

Question 34

what is this msucle

Answer 34

Splenis capitis

Question 35

what is this muscle?

Answer 35

splenisu cervicus

Question 36

what is the action of the splenius muscles

Answer 36

Question 37

which muscle are deep the splenius muscles but superificial to tranversospoinales msucles?

Answer 37

**Erector spiane muscles** (largest muscle groups of the back) overlapping muscles arrnaged paralle to the vertbral colum lie between spinous proccess m edially and the angles of the rib

Question 38

what 3 muscles make up the erector spine group?

Answer 38

3 muscles - in aparalle columns illocostalis (lateral) longissmus (intermediate) spinalis (medial)

Question 39

Label this

Answer 39

the rectus spinae muscle originate at a large fibrous tendon band that attaxches to the e scarum Spinals (media- medial nearest spinel) longimus ( intermediate) illiocostslis ( lateral- cotalis= nribs) each one has cervicis, throacis and lumborum section )

Question 40

what is the action of the erector spinae muscles

Answer 40

Question 41

what is the depeest layer of instrinsic back muscles?

Answer 41

**semispinalis (superifical)** **multifidus (middle)** **rotatores (deepest)**

Question 42

What is this muscle labelled (1 muscle)

Answer 42

semispinalis most superfciial of the transversopinales muscles

Question 43

what is this muscle and its fucntion

Answer 43

middle trasnverospinales muscle action- unilaterally rottes to contrlateral siede- stabilse verbtease during movement

Question 44

What is this muscle? (hint deepeest ofr the trasnversopinales muscles)

Answer 44

Toratroes funciton- stbailse the vertrbal colum attaches to the trnaverse proccess to spinosu procces - longus attaches to the tranverse process to adjacent vertebae (brevis)

Question 45

Why do pelvic and abdorminal malignancys metasse to the verbral bododies?

Answer 45

Plexus- venous drianage lack valves blood flow can be in either direction- dpeending on intrabdominal pressure prostattic metastasis is well known for spreading to the vertebra colum

Question 46

at what level does the spinal cord end and become the conus medularis

Answer 46

L2

Question 47

at what levels does the conus medularis becoem the cauda equina

Answer 47

L3

Question 48

whatmakes up a spinal nerve?

Answer 48

cord gives off 31 pairs of spinal nerves union of dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) these mizxed spinal enrves exit the verebtral canl through the intervetbal formaina nd then outside the spinal cord divide into anteiro and psoteeiror rami

Question 49

what postion is best for lumabr puncture? where do we place the needle

Answer 49

Fetal potison- expands the distance ebwteen the spinous processes want to place neededl between L4 and L5 L4 is inline with the ilaic crest

Question 50

into what space are we inserting the needl in lumbar puncture?

Answer 50

**Subarachnoid space** | (between L3-L4 or L4,L5)

Question 51

what layers do we go through to reach the CSF?

Answer 51

skin subcutaneous fat spurapsinous ligament interpsinous lgiament ligametnum flavum dura matter subdural space arachnoid matter