Grignolio

Question 1

DISEASE

Answer 1

Ways of functioning of an individual body that are maladaptive with respect to the environmental context

Question 2

PAST REPRODUCTIVE PHASE OF LIFE

Answer 2

Our life after 30/35 years from birth

Question 3

CAUSES OF GENETIC VARIATIONS

Answer 3

• Environmental selective pressures
• Reproductive isolation of a small group of humans
• Mutations

Question 4

ROBIN DUNBAR- SOCIAL BRAIN HYPOTHESIS

Answer 4

Human intelligente did not evolve to solve ecological problems but to survive and reproduce in large social groups
( max number you an maintain a real relationship with: 150)

Question 5

ANTAGONISTIC PLEIOTROPY

Answer 5

Some genes that are beneficial in the early life that became harmful later

Question 6

THRIFTY GENES HYPOTHESIS

Answer 6

Our society is unfit for us because our being was

selected for another habitat and life-style

Question 7

BARKER HYPOTHESIS

Answer 7

Maternal malnutrition causes fetal malnutrition that rises the probability of having other diseases

Question 8

ADAPTIVE BIAS

Answer 8

Idea that our brain has evolved to reason adaptively and not rationally

Question 9

BIOCENOSIS

Answer 9

Association of different organisms forming a closely integrate community

Question 10

PATOCENOSIS

Answer 10

Group of pathological states present within a given population at a given time

Question 11

EVOLUTIONARY TRADE OFF

Answer 11

A trait cannot increase without a decrease in another

Question 12

CAIMANS

Answer 12

Origin of doctors

Question 13

3-FOLD DIVISION OF PHYSICIANS

Answer 13

• Healers
• Priests
• Sorcerers

Question 14

HIPPOCRATES

Answer 14

First detachment from the religious approach
Promoted:
- Blood letting 
- New lifestyle 
- Change of diet

Question 15

EVOLUTION OF MEDICAL THEORIES

Answer 15

• Preternaturalistic (divine punishment)
• Hippocratic revolution (First, do not harm)
• Naturalistic (Magic-religious)
• Socio-cultural (Normative and holistic concepts)

Question 16

4 HUMOURS

Answer 16

1. Yellow bile
2. Blood (source of vitality)
3. Black bile
4. Phlegm

Question 17

STEPS OF HIPPOCRATES DIAGNOSIS

Answer 17

1. Diagnosis ( identifying a disease)
2. Prognosis (the likely course of the condition)
3. Observation
4. Treatment

Question 18

GALEN

Answer 18

Greek physician of Marco Aurelio
Anatomist
Realised that the brain controlled the speech

Question 19

ORIGIN OF HOSPITALS

Answer 19

First hospital done by Nestorians
(Armenians)
The islamic word was the centre of medical knowledge

Question 20

THE CANON OF MEDICINE

Answer 20

Medical encyclopaedia wrote by Ibn Sina

Question 21

SURGEONS

Answer 21

Hippocrates refused the surgical aspect of medicine
Surgical activity was delegated to:
- Barbers 
- Apothecaries 
- Butchers 
- Charlatans

Question 22

DIVISION OF THE DOCTORS

MIDDLE AGES

Answer 22

• Ordinary practitioners ( selling medicines)

- Clerics practicing ( dealt with diseases)

Question 23

WILLIAM HARVEY

Answer 23

Discovered blood circulation

Question 24

MIASM

Answer 24

The cause of a disease is a terrestrial cause

Question 25

GIROLAMO FRACASTORO

Answer 25

Idea that small particles caused diseases and they were considered to be spread by air

Question 26

DE CONTAGION ET CONTGIOSIS MORBIS- | GIROLAMO FRACASTORO

Answer 26

Promoted personal and environmental hygiene to prevent diseases

Question 27

TRAGIC EVENTS IN MEDICINE

Answer 27

1. Nazi experiments ( doctor Mengale) | 2. Syphilis study in Georgia ( 600 african-american males where infected by syphilis and not cured)

Question 28

BELMONT REPORT

Answer 28

Milestone in bioethics - Informed consent - Maximise the benefits and minimise the harms

Question 29

NUREMBERG CODE

Answer 29

Created guidelines for doctors about the relationship with patients

Question 30

ANDREUS VESALIUS

Answer 30

Anatomist

Question 31

MORGAGNI

Answer 31

Father of anatomical pathology

Question 32

LEEUWENHOEK

Answer 32

Creation of microsocopes

Question 33

MALPHIGI

Answer 33

Father of microscopic anatomy

Question 34

JHON SNOW

Answer 34

Father of epidemiology Methods: - Ecological design ( compare cholera rates by region) - Cohort design ( cholera rates in exposed and non exposed individuals) - Case-control analysis ( exposure history in cholera cases and non cases)

Question 35

SEMMELWEIS

Answer 35

Father of antiseptic procedures | washing hands

Question 36

NOCEBO

Answer 36

Opposite of Placebo | A bad attitude of a doctor will induce a bad response of the patient

Question 37

2 FORMS OF DEFENSIVE MEDICINE

Answer 37

- Assurance behaviour: charging of additional unnecessary services - Avoidance behaviour: providers refuse to participate in risky procedures

Question 38

JENNER

Answer 38

Origin of vaccines ( from smallpox)

Question 39

SPILL-OVER

Answer 39

Jump of a disease from animals to humans

Question 40

MITHRIDATISM

Answer 40

Possibility of artificially acquiring immunity to poisons

Question 41

MAJOR CAUSES OF EPIDEMICS

Answer 41

- Market - Colonisation - Travels - Globalisation - Wars

Question 42

KOCH- GERMS

Answer 42

Germ theory of disease | He discovered the media of growth for bacteria , which was fundamental to grow viruses and to test them

Question 43

PASTEUR

Answer 43

``` Demonstrated that it's possible to attenuate the virulence of a pathogen Developed the first vaccine against: - rabies - chickenpox - anthrax ```

Question 44

STEPS TO ATTENUATE A PATHOLOGY

Answer 44

1. Isolate pathogens 2. Cultivate them 3. Attenuate them (1. Heat, 2. filters, 3. Chemical agents) 4. Inject them 5. Immunize

Question 45

ENDEMIC DISEASE

Answer 45

the level of pathogenicity is decreased over time