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Medicine As A Human Endeavour > Grignolio > Flashcards

Grignolio Flashcards

1
Q

DISEASE

A

Ways of functioning of an individual body that are maladaptive with respect to the environmental context

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2
Q

PAST REPRODUCTIVE PHASE OF LIFE

A

Our life after 30/35 years from birth

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3
Q

CAUSES OF GENETIC VARIATIONS

A
  • Environmental selective pressures
  • Reproductive isolation of a small group of humans
  • Mutations
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4
Q

ROBIN DUNBAR- SOCIAL BRAIN HYPOTHESIS

A

Human intelligente did not evolve to solve ecological problems but to survive and reproduce in large social groups
( max number you an maintain a real relationship with: 150)

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5
Q

ANTAGONISTIC PLEIOTROPY

A

Some genes that are beneficial in the early life that became harmful later

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6
Q

THRIFTY GENES HYPOTHESIS

A

Our society is unfit for us because our being was

selected for another habitat and life-style

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7
Q

BARKER HYPOTHESIS

A

Maternal malnutrition causes fetal malnutrition that rises the probability of having other diseases

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8
Q

ADAPTIVE BIAS

A

Idea that our brain has evolved to reason adaptively and not rationally

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9
Q

BIOCENOSIS

A

Association of different organisms forming a closely integrate community

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10
Q

PATOCENOSIS

A

Group of pathological states present within a given population at a given time

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11
Q

EVOLUTIONARY TRADE OFF

A

A trait cannot increase without a decrease in another

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12
Q

CAIMANS

A

Origin of doctors

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13
Q

3-FOLD DIVISION OF PHYSICIANS

A
  • Healers
  • Priests
  • Sorcerers
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14
Q

HIPPOCRATES

A 
First detachment from the religious approach
Promoted:
- Blood letting 
- New lifestyle 
- Change of diet
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15
Q

EVOLUTION OF MEDICAL THEORIES

A
  • Preternaturalistic (divine punishment)
  • Hippocratic revolution (First, do not harm)
  • Naturalistic (Magic-religious)
  • Socio-cultural (Normative and holistic concepts)
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16
Q

4 HUMOURS

A
  1. Yellow bile
  2. Blood (source of vitality)
  3. Black bile
  4. Phlegm
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17
Q

STEPS OF HIPPOCRATES DIAGNOSIS

A
  1. Diagnosis ( identifying a disease)
  2. Prognosis (the likely course of the condition)
  3. Observation
  4. Treatment
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18
Q

GALEN

A

Greek physician of Marco Aurelio
Anatomist
Realised that the brain controlled the speech

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19
Q

ORIGIN OF HOSPITALS

A

First hospital done by Nestorians
(Armenians)
The islamic word was the centre of medical knowledge

20
Q

THE CANON OF MEDICINE

A

Medical encyclopaedia wrote by Ibn Sina

21
Q

SURGEONS

A 
Hippocrates refused the surgical aspect of medicine
Surgical activity was delegated to:
- Barbers 
- Apothecaries 
- Butchers 
- Charlatans
22
Q

DIVISION OF THE DOCTORS

MIDDLE AGES

A
  • Ordinary practitioners ( selling medicines)

- Clerics practicing ( dealt with diseases)

23
Q

WILLIAM HARVEY

A

Discovered blood circulation

24
Q

MIASM

A

The cause of a disease is a terrestrial cause

25
Q

GIROLAMO FRACASTORO

A

Idea that small particles caused diseases and they were considered to be spread by air

26
Q

DE CONTAGION ET CONTGIOSIS MORBIS-

GIROLAMO FRACASTORO

A

Promoted personal and environmental hygiene to prevent diseases

27
Q

TRAGIC EVENTS IN MEDICINE

A
  1. Nazi experiments ( doctor Mengale)

2. Syphilis study in Georgia ( 600 african-american males where infected by syphilis and not cured)

28
Q

BELMONT REPORT

A

Milestone in bioethics

  • Informed consent
  • Maximise the benefits and minimise the harms
29
Q

NUREMBERG CODE

A

Created guidelines for doctors about the relationship with patients

30
Q

ANDREUS VESALIUS

A

Anatomist

31
Q

MORGAGNI

A

Father of anatomical pathology

32
Q

LEEUWENHOEK

A

Creation of microsocopes

33
Q

MALPHIGI

A

Father of microscopic anatomy

34
Q

JHON SNOW

A

Father of epidemiology
Methods:
- Ecological design ( compare cholera rates by region)
- Cohort design ( cholera rates in exposed and non exposed individuals)
- Case-control analysis ( exposure history in cholera cases and non cases)

35
Q

SEMMELWEIS

A

Father of antiseptic procedures

washing hands

36
Q

NOCEBO

A

Opposite of Placebo

A bad attitude of a doctor will induce a bad response of the patient

37
Q

2 FORMS OF DEFENSIVE MEDICINE

A
  • Assurance behaviour: charging of additional unnecessary services
  • Avoidance behaviour: providers refuse to participate in risky procedures
38
Q

JENNER

A

Origin of vaccines ( from smallpox)

39
Q

SPILL-OVER

A

Jump of a disease from animals to humans

40
Q

MITHRIDATISM

A

Possibility of artificially acquiring immunity to poisons

41
Q

MAJOR CAUSES OF EPIDEMICS

A
  • Market
  • Colonisation
  • Travels
  • Globalisation
  • Wars
42
Q

KOCH- GERMS

A

Germ theory of disease

He discovered the media of growth for bacteria , which was fundamental to grow viruses and to test them

43
Q

PASTEUR

A 
Demonstrated that it's possible to attenuate the virulence of a pathogen 
Developed the first vaccine against:
- rabies 
- chickenpox 
- anthrax
44
Q

STEPS TO ATTENUATE A PATHOLOGY

A
  1. Isolate pathogens
  2. Cultivate them
  3. Attenuate them (1. Heat, 2. filters, 3. Chemical agents)
  4. Inject them
  5. Immunize
45
Q

ENDEMIC DISEASE

A

the level of pathogenicity is decreased over time

Medicine As A Human Endeavour (6 decks)

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