Green Corrections Flashcards

1
Q

Where are Meibomian glands located

A

Posterior to the grey line

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2
Q

What is posteiror blepharitis

A

Meibomian gland dysfunction

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3
Q

What is chalazion

A

Lipogranulomatous inflammatory cyst from blocked MEibomian gland

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4
Q

Orientation of optic canal

A

Infeorlateral

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5
Q

Where does the the ciliary body have greatest AP length?

A

Temporally
Longest inferotemporally

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6
Q

Where does bloodsupply to iris run?

A

Major and minor arterial circles run theorugh iris stroma
Blood supply from anterior ciliary arteries and long posterior ciliary arteries

Mino arterial circle of iris at levle of colarette

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7
Q

Lymph from right and left sideof body

A

Right - right lymphatic duct - right subclavian vein

Left - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein

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8
Q

What are layers of blood vessels

A

tunica intima - contains internal elastic lamina - fragmented in GCA

Media - mcuular layer with sMCs

Adventitia - main CT layer - external elastic lamina in arteries

Veins have thinner media, larger lumen and less msucles

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9
Q

Structure of collagen

A

LEft handed helix

Glycine - X - Y

X proline
Y hydroxyproline

Vit C hydroxylation of Y position, Triple helix formation by S-S bonds

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10
Q

What are MMPs? What are their inhibitors?

A

Zinc and Calcium dependent endopeptidases
Degrade extracellular matrix

Released by neitrophils during inflammatory response or normal cells for growth repair

TIMPs are endogenous inhibtors in normal tissues

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11
Q

What are lens proteins?

A

alpha crystallins found on chromosome 21 and 11

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12
Q

How are secondary lens fibres fromed?

A

Formed from anterior lens epithelium

FGF - fibroblast growth factor stimulates differentiation of anteirorlens epithelial cells into lens fibres through elongation, withdrawal from cell cycle, loss of organelles and nucleus

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13
Q

Where is pericyte coverage highest

A

REtinal vessels
Maintains blood retinal barrier
Regulate permeatbility

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14
Q

What is aflibercept
Becavizumab
Ranibizumab

A

Fusion protein acting as decoy receptor molecule for VEGF

Becavizumab - monoclonal antibody to VEGF

Ranubizumab - monoblonal antibody fragment from same mouse antibody

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15
Q

What are functions of VEGF?

A

Intraceelular tyrosine kinase activity

Divison of vascular endothelial cells, vascular dilatation, permeatbility

Promoted by TNFa, TNFb, IL1a, IL6m PGE2, EGF, FGF, ILGF1

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16
Q

How long is rod outer segment renewal cycle? When does rod disc shedding and phagocytosis occur

A

9-10 days

Morning

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17
Q

Where are iris colobomas?

A

Inferonasal

Incomplete closure of embryonic optic fissure

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18
Q

When does myelination of optic nerve start?

A

Month 7
Finishes by 1-3 months of age

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19
Q

What part of vitroeus liquefies first

A

Central

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20
Q

What is mosiacism?

A

Cells arise from same zyngote

21
Q

What is chierism

A

Cells arise from two or more zygotes

22
Q

What is lyonization

A

X inactivations - one X-chromosome is randomly inactivated
Patchy expression of mutant C linked genes

23
Q

What are -ximab vs -zumab antibodies

A

ximab are gnetically engineered to introduce human constant domains to murine antibodies

Zubmab are fully humanised monoclonal antibodies

24
Q

What are ribozymes

A

USed to cut mRNA of target gene to block transcription

25
Q

Where are MCH class I vs II present

A

MCH class I on every nucleated cell
E.g HLA B27

MHC alss II only expressed by antigen presenting cells

Intracellular antigens such as viral protein complexed with MHC I are presented to CD8 T cells

Extracellular antigen presented with MHC II for CD4 cells

26
Q

Wet heat sterilisation

A

120 15 mins
130 10 mins
135 5 mins

27
Q

Dry heat sterilisation

A

160 for 180mins
170 for 60 mins
180 for 30 mins

28
Q

What does toxoxariasis cause?

A

Nematodal infeciton
Posterior uveitis - leukocoria

29
Q

Angle of deviation in prims

A

D = (n-1) a

Crown glass has 1.5 n for from crown glass prims

D=a/2

30
Q

When a plane mirror is rotated by 90 degrees what ahppens to the reflected light

A

Rotated by 180 degrees

Angle of deviation is twice the angle of rotation

31
Q

Adjustment for sulcus lens power if power > 28D

A

-1.5 from capsular bag power

32
Q

Adjustment for sulcus lens power if power < 17.5D

A

-0.5 from capsular bag power

33
Q

Adjustment for sulcus lens power if power between 17.5D and 28D

A

-1D from capsular bag power

34
Q

What does a patients refractive error have a greater effect on direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy

A

Direct

35
Q

How to do rotic transposion

A

CYL to same sign as base cruve
Sphere - base cruve to get numerator
Base curve at axis 90 degree to CYL
New CYL by adding base cruve to power of CYL

36
Q

Gallilean telescope image

A

Erect magnified at infintiy
Lenses separated by difference between fcal lengths

37
Q

What tumours is NF1 associated with

A

Neurofibromas, phaeochromocytoma, optic nerve glionma

Chromosome 17

38
Q

What tumours is NF2 associated with

A

Bilateral acoustic neuroma
Meningioma

Chromosome 22

39
Q

When are dalen fuchs nodules seen?

A

Epithelioid cells (acitvated macrophages) between Brch’s and RPE

GRanulomatous inflammation in sympathetic ophtahlmia and VKH

40
Q

What % of uveal tract melanoma occur in iria, ciliary body, choroid

A

Iris 8%
Ciliary body 12%
Choroid 80%

41
Q

What does amyloid stain on H&E

A

Pink eosin (basic)

42
Q

What are zero order kinetics

A

Non-linear - metabolism of drug independent of concentration

First order are linear - rate is proportional to concentration of drug

43
Q

What drugs can pass blood retinal barrier

A

Lipid soluble

44
Q

What are side effects of ciclosportin

A

Calciuneurin inhibitor, inihibtos IL2 formation

Nephrotoxicity
Tremor
Hirsuitism
Ginginal hypertrophy

45
Q

when does hydroxyamphetamine fail to dilate in horners

A

3rd order lesions

46
Q

How do hair cells in cochlea depolarise?

A

Influx of potassium from endolymph

47
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus control

A

Circadian rhythm via action of pacemaker cells

48
Q

Where doe cells in layer 5 of PVC project

A

Superior colliculus

2/3 to secondary visual cortex

6 back to LGN

49
Q

What process involved in formation of aqueous

A

Active secretion
Passive diffusion
Ultrafiltration of water and solutes