Blue 2

Question 1

What is used to measure axial length for SRK

Answer 1

A scan

Question 2

Where does the image form in retinoscopy

Answer 2

Patients far point

Question 3

When is retinoscopy complete

Answer 3

Diffuse bright red reflex achieved when movement of reflex is infinitely fast

Question 4

What is pumping in laser

Answer 4

Delivers energy to atoms in laser active medium which elevates their electrons to higher energy level

Question 5

Nasolacrimal duct widt

Answer 5

18mm long
Narrower in middle compared to ends

Question 6

Where is choroid thickest/thinnest

Answer 6

Thickest at posterior pole

Thinnest proximal to optic disc

Question 7

Which side does reitna extend further anteriorly?

Answer 7

Medial side

Question 8

Thicknss of retina

Answer 8

0.1mm at ora serrata
0.5mm at optic disc

Question 9

What type of cell are ganglion cell

Answer 9

Multi polar second order neurones

Question 10

What passes through jugular foramen

Answer 10

X
Vagus, glossopharyngeal, spinal accessory

Question 11

What are the facial uclei?

Answer 11

Superior salivatory and lacrimal

Question 12

What is athe glossopharyngeal nucleus

Answer 12

Inferior salivatory

Question 13

What day doe the lens vesicle separate from surface ectoderm

Answer 13

Day 36

Question 14

What reaction occurs in photoisomerisation induced by light absoprtion

Answer 14

11 cis retinal to all trans retinal

Question 15

What is the intrinsic pathway for coagulation

Answer 15

Blood trauma causes factor 12 activation and release of platelet phospholipids
ascade results in activation of Factor 8
Activated factor 10 forms prothrombic activator

Question 16

What are msules of inspiration

Answer 16

Elevate rib cage

External intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Anterior serrati
Scaleni (lifts first two ribs)

Question 17

What are muscles of expiration

Answer 17

Pull ribs down

Abdominal msucles
Internal intercostals

Question 18

What do Merkel discs detect

Answer 18

Continuous contact of objects

Ruffini endings - detect heavy prolonged touch and stretch

Pacinian corpuscles detect tissue vibration

Question 19

What are spot and belt desmosomes called

Answer 19

Spot - macula adherens (single site)

Belt - zonulae adherens - around apex of cell

Question 20

What proteoglycan is not present in sclera

Answer 20

Keratan

Question 21

What factor is decreased in DR

Answer 21

PEDF pigment epithelium derived growth factor - this is anti angiogenic

(placental growth factor and VEGF increased)

Question 22

What do contaminated lenses cause?

Answer 22

Late low grade bacterial endophthalmitis

Question 23

What is the most predominant cell type in metastatic endophthalmitis

Answer 23

Neutrophils

Question 24

How long does panophthalmitis take to complete

Answer 24

48h

Question 25

What kind of infiltrate in HZO

Answer 25

Lymphocytic around long and short ciliary nerves

Question 26

Where are myocillin and optineurin genes located

Answer 26

Myocillin 1 Optineurin 10 Myocillin is invovled in contractility of trabecular meshwork Optineurin in golgi ribbon formation and exocytosis Both involved in POAG

Question 27

What happens in end stage Stargadt's disease

Answer 27

Gliotic reitna fuses with Bruch's membrane and outer retinal layer islost Central macula beaten metal appearance ABCA4 gene

Question 28

What gene in AMD

Answer 28

(old) SOD2

Question 29

Where does granular corneal dystrophy occur

Answer 29

Stromal and Bowman's layer - hyaline deposits Autosomal dominant Can recur in grafts

Question 30

What are iris melanomas

Answer 30

Slow growting nodular

Question 31

What casues immunopathology in onchocerciasis

Answer 31

River blindness Local death of microfilariae

Question 32

Anti msucarinic SE

Answer 32

Dry mouth Sweating Facial flushign Tachycardia Conj hyperaemia Acute angle closure Blurred vision Photophobia IOP rise

Question 33

What is a H1 H2 H3 H4 antagonist

Answer 33

H1 certirizine, loratidine H2 rantidine, cimetidine H3 ciproxifan H4 thioperamide

Question 34

What are the phases of prophase I in meiosis

Answer 34

LZPD NYPD Leptotene - chromosome condense Zygotene - chromosomes pair Pachytene - main stange of choromosomal thickenning Diplotene - bivalents separate Diakenisis - bivalents separate and coil

Question 35

What is aneuploidy

Answer 35

Paired chromosomes fail to disjoin - delayed movement in anaphase - can result in trisomy or monosomy

Question 36

What do ribozymes do

Answer 36

Cleave and repair mRNA - target mutation correction

Question 37

What does ulbiquitin do?

Answer 37

Destroying phosphorylated cyclins and cyclin inhibitors

Question 38

How many PD deviation in 1mm deviation of corneal light reflex?

Answer 38

15PD Or 7.5 degrees

Question 39

What does the average cornea in adults have?

Answer 39

WTR astigmatism

Question 40

Which dye stains the stools

Answer 40

ICG NOt fluoresciein - it discoours skin

Question 41

Stages of ICG angiography

Answer 41

Early 2-60 secs - choroidal arteries Early mid - 1-3 mins - choroidal veins Late mid 3-15mins - diffuse hypofluorescence due to diffusion of dye from capillaries Late 15-30 mins - dye leaves choroidal and retinal circulation but may remain in neovasc tissue

Question 42

Electronegative (scotopic b wave)

Answer 42

X linked retinoschisis CRAO CRVO Congenital stationary night blindness Quinine toxificty Melanoma reitnoapthy Batten disease

Question 43

What happens in multifocal electrotrinogram

Answer 43

Numerous small areas of retina stimulated with scaled stimuli Produces topographical map of retina Helpful when retinal dysfunction localised