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Sample MCQs > Blue 2 > Flashcards

Blue 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is used to measure axial length for SRK

A

A scan

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2
Q

Where does the image form in retinoscopy

A

Patients far point

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3
Q

When is retinoscopy complete

A

Diffuse bright red reflex achieved when movement of reflex is infinitely fast

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4
Q

What is pumping in laser

A

Delivers energy to atoms in laser active medium which elevates their electrons to higher energy level

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5
Q

Nasolacrimal duct widt

A

18mm long
Narrower in middle compared to ends

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6
Q

Where is choroid thickest/thinnest

A

Thickest at posterior pole

Thinnest proximal to optic disc

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7
Q

Which side does reitna extend further anteriorly?

A

Medial side

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8
Q

Thicknss of retina

A

0.1mm at ora serrata
0.5mm at optic disc

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9
Q

What type of cell are ganglion cell

A

Multi polar second order neurones

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10
Q

What passes through jugular foramen

A

X
Vagus, glossopharyngeal, spinal accessory

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11
Q

What are the facial uclei?

A

Superior salivatory and lacrimal

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12
Q

What is athe glossopharyngeal nucleus

A

Inferior salivatory

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13
Q

What day doe the lens vesicle separate from surface ectoderm

A

Day 36

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14
Q

What reaction occurs in photoisomerisation induced by light absoprtion

A

11 cis retinal to all trans retinal

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15
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway for coagulation

A

Blood trauma causes factor 12 activation and release of platelet phospholipids
ascade results in activation of Factor 8
Activated factor 10 forms prothrombic activator

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16
Q

What are msules of inspiration

A

Elevate rib cage

External intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Anterior serrati
Scaleni (lifts first two ribs)

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17
Q

What are muscles of expiration

A

Pull ribs down

Abdominal msucles
Internal intercostals

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18
Q

What do Merkel discs detect

A

Continuous contact of objects

Ruffini endings - detect heavy prolonged touch and stretch

Pacinian corpuscles detect tissue vibration

19
Q

What are spot and belt desmosomes called

A

Spot - macula adherens (single site)

Belt - zonulae adherens - around apex of cell

20
Q

What proteoglycan is not present in sclera

A

Keratan

21
Q

What factor is decreased in DR

A

PEDF pigment epithelium derived growth factor - this is anti angiogenic

(placental growth factor and VEGF increased)

22
Q

What do contaminated lenses cause?

A

Late low grade bacterial endophthalmitis

23
Q

What is the most predominant cell type in metastatic endophthalmitis

A

Neutrophils

24
Q

How long does panophthalmitis take to complete

A

48h

25
Q

What kind of infiltrate in HZO

A

Lymphocytic around long and short ciliary nerves

26
Q

Where are myocillin and optineurin genes located

A

Myocillin 1
Optineurin 10

Myocillin is invovled in contractility of trabecular meshwork

Optineurin in golgi ribbon formation and exocytosis

Both involved in POAG

27
Q

What happens in end stage Stargadt’s disease

A

Gliotic reitna fuses with Bruch’s membrane and outer retinal layer islost

Central macula beaten metal appearance

ABCA4 gene

28
Q

What gene in AMD

A

(old) SOD2

29
Q

Where does granular corneal dystrophy occur

A

Stromal and Bowman’s layer - hyaline deposits
Autosomal dominant
Can recur in grafts

30
Q

What are iris melanomas

A

Slow growting nodular

31
Q

What casues immunopathology in onchocerciasis

A

River blindness

Local death of microfilariae

32
Q

Anti msucarinic SE

A

Dry mouth
Sweating
Facial flushign
Tachycardia

Conj hyperaemia
Acute angle closure
Blurred vision
Photophobia
IOP rise

33
Q

What is a H1
H2
H3
H4 antagonist

A

H1 certirizine, loratidine

H2 rantidine, cimetidine

H3 ciproxifan

H4 thioperamide

34
Q

What are the phases of prophase I in meiosis

A

LZPD NYPD

Leptotene - chromosome condense

Zygotene - chromosomes pair

Pachytene - main stange of choromosomal thickenning

Diplotene - bivalents separate
Diakenisis - bivalents separate and coil

35
Q

What is aneuploidy

A

Paired chromosomes fail to disjoin - delayed movement in anaphase - can result in trisomy or monosomy

36
Q

What do ribozymes do

A

Cleave and repair mRNA - target mutation correction

37
Q

What does ulbiquitin do?

A

Destroying phosphorylated cyclins and cyclin inhibitors

38
Q

How many PD deviation in 1mm deviation of corneal light reflex?

A

15PD

Or 7.5 degrees

39
Q

What does the average cornea in adults have?

A

WTR astigmatism

40
Q

Which dye stains the stools

A

ICG

NOt fluoresciein - it discoours skin

41
Q

Stages of ICG angiography

A

Early 2-60 secs - choroidal arteries

Early mid - 1-3 mins - choroidal veins

Late mid 3-15mins - diffuse hypofluorescence due to diffusion of dye from capillaries

Late 15-30 mins - dye leaves choroidal and retinal circulation but may remain in neovasc tissue

42
Q

Electronegative (scotopic b wave)

A

X linked retinoschisis
CRAO
CRVO
Congenital stationary night blindness
Quinine toxificty
Melanoma reitnoapthy
Batten disease

43
Q

What happens in multifocal electrotrinogram

A

Numerous small areas of retina stimulated with scaled stimuli
Produces topographical map of retina
Helpful when retinal dysfunction localised

44
Q
A

Sample MCQs (20 decks)

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