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Sample MCQs > Green 3 > Flashcards

Green 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the stromal nerve plexus desnsenst in the cornea

A

Peripherally
Decreases in density and complexity towards the central cornea

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2
Q

What is the structure of the trabecular meshwork

A

Uveal meshwork is first layer which has large intercellular spaces and low resistance to aqueous flow

Corneoscleral meshwork has lamellar structure of CT covered by endothelium like cells

Juxtacanalicular meshwork embedded in extracellular matrix composed of collagen, elastic fibres and proteoglycans

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3
Q

What does contraction of ciliary msucle cause

A

Expansion of trabecular meshwork,
Enlargement of intertrabecular spaces
Reduced resistance to aqueous flow

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4
Q

What collagen for conjunctival epithelial basement membrane

A

4

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5
Q

What does ST elevation in leads V1-V4 suggest? ARtery?

II, III, aVF

Reciprocal changes in V1, V2, V3

I aVL, V5, V6

A

V1-V4 anteroseptal - left anterior descending artery

II, III, aVF - inferior - right coronary artery

Reciprocal changes in V1, V2, V3 - posterior - right coronary artery

I aVL, V5, V6 - lateral - circumflex artery

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6
Q

Layers of primary visual cortex

A

2/3 - project to secondary visual cortex
4 - receive optic radiations from LGN
5 - projects to superior colliculus
6 projects back to LGN

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7
Q

What is noradenaline synthesised from?

A

Tyrosine
Immediate precursor is dopamine
Dopamine hydroxylase converts dopamine to noradrenaline

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8
Q

What enzymes metabolise NA

A

COMT
MAO

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9
Q

What is the total refracting power of eye with -10D myopia?

A

Around 70D

Therefore magnification by direct ophthalmoscope 70/4 = 17.5x

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10
Q

What is lens epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium on anterior lens surface

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11
Q

What is the difference between vitiligo and albinism

A

IN vitiligo, melanocytes are absent

In albinism, melanocytes present but melanin production is impaired

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12
Q

What is melanin synthesised from

A

Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
DOPA
Melanin

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13
Q

How much CSF produced per day?

A

550ml/day

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14
Q

What is total CSF volume

A

150ml
CSF turnover 4x per day

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15
Q

When does conjugate fixation rflex develop?
Fix and follow?
Smooth pursuit
Accomodation?
Convergence

A

Conjugate fixation 2-3 weeks
Fix and follow 6-8 weeks
Smooth pursuit and accommodation - 2 months
Convergence 6 months

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16
Q

What is the prevalance of robertsonian translocation?

A

1 in 1000 - most common chormosomal rearrangement

Two long arms of acrocentric chormosomes fuse to form single chormosome
Short arms are non essential and can be lost
Complete data and normal phenotype but only 45 chromosomes

Subsequent risk of trisomy in offspring

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17
Q

What are MHC class I HLAs

A

HLA A B and C

HLA D is MHC type 2

18
Q

What stains for fungi

A

Calcofluor white - binds to chitin and cellulose in cells wall bluish white under high frequency light

H+E - pink eoisin
PAS - purple
Gomorri methaenamine - black
Gtocott hexamine - black

19
Q

Which is limited to west africa HIV 1 or 2

A

HIV 1 - first HIV subtype spread globally
HIV2 - less prevalent and less pathogenic

20
Q

Does corneal neovascularisation contribute to the immune privilege of the eye

A

No, allows blood to contract grafts

21
Q

What are connexins

A

Gap junctions

Hemichannnels between the cytoplasm of two cells
Found at gap junctions and each cell will provide connexin so complete channel is formed

22
Q

What tear lens if K reading is > base curve of CL?

A

K reading is greater - cornea flatter than base curve - convex tear lens

K reading less - steeper - concave tear lens

23
Q

What inhertiance of Gorlin Goltz

A

Autosomal dominant

24
Q

How do sclerosing BCC spread

A

INvade dermis, spread outwards

25
Q

What structures are continuous with Tenon’s capsule

A

Fascial sleeve of the EOM tendons
Medial and lateral check ligaments which are expansions fo the fascial sleeves of the medial and lateral recti
Suspensory ligament of Lockwood inferiorly

26
Q

What lasers cause photodisruption? Photocoagulation? Photoablation?

A

Disruption ND YaG
Photocoagulation - argon, cyclodiode
Photoablation - excimer

27
Q

Gallilean telescope vs compound microscope

A

Galiliean - convex objective, concave eyepiece

Compound - 2 convex lenses

28
Q

What are stages of trachoma

A

I - conj red, oedema
II - follicles and papillae, corneal pannus
III - inflammatory tissue is replaced by fibrous material
IV - contraction of palpebral conj stroma - entropion, trichiasis and cornealdamage

29
Q

What is metastatic calcifcation?

A

OCcurs in normal tissues in the presence of hypercalcaemia e.g. chronic renal failure leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism resulting in hypercalcaemia and metastatic calcification

30
Q

What is dystrophic calcification

A

Occurs in normocalcaemia in necrotic or hyalinised tissue
E.g. phthisical eye

31
Q

What is forster fuchs spot?

A

Pigmented macular scar associated with pathological myopia

32
Q

How do corticosteroids work?

A

Bind to specific cytoplasmic receptors which translocate to nuecleu and affect gene transcription

Reduce transription of COX2 - reduced prostanoid production

33
Q

What are SE of systemic chloramphenicol

A

Bone marrow suppression
Aplastic anaemia

34
Q

How does aciclovir work?

A

REquires phosphorylation to become active

Inhibits viral DNA polymerase

Specific for HSV and VZV

35
Q

What are trinucleotide repeat disorders

A

Fragile X
Hunitingtons
Myotonic dystrophy
Spniocerebellar atrophy
Friedereichs ataxia

Autosomal dominant

Increases severity with increased size of expansion

Genetic anticipations

36
Q

What does full field ERG do

A

Measures electrical response of retina as a whole when stimulated by a bright flash of light

37
Q

What do VEPs do

A

MEasure electrical response of visual cortex to chanding visual stimulus

38
Q

Rate of aqueous prodiuction

A

2.5uL/min

39
Q

What factors shift oxygen-Hb dissociation curve to right

A

Reduced oxygen binding affinity

Increased acidity
Increased pCO2 - Bohr effect
Increased temperature
Increased 2,3 DPG

40
Q

Nerves of pharygneal arches

A

1 - V
2 - VII
3 - IX
4 - X SLN
6- X RLN

41
Q

What percentage of ocular circulation passes through uveal tract

A

98%

42
Q

What do intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells contain

A

Melanopsin

Modulate circadian rhythm (suprachiasmatic nuclei)
Sleep regulation cycle
Pupillary light reflex

Sample MCQs (20 decks)

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