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Gross Anatomy > Gray's Notes - Abdomen > Flashcards

Gray's Notes - Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

where is the most common site of ectopic pregnancy?

A

uterine tubes

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2
Q

where do lumbar hernias penetrate?

A

superior (Grynfeltt) or inferior (Petit) lumbar triangles

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3
Q

where does the ilioinguinal n. run?

A

with spermatic cord to innervate the anterior scrotum and proximal genetals.

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4
Q

which nerve could be compressed during an indirect inguinal hernia?

A

ilioinguinal n.

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5
Q

what venous tributaries anastomose with cavil veins to cause varicose?

A

left gastric v. - carries blood from stomach to portal v.

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6
Q

what is the left hepatic v. and where does it drain?

A

caval v. and drains into the IVC

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7
Q

what is the most common site of Meckel diverticulum?

A

ileum - umbilical hernia

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8
Q

which lymph node is involved with malignancy of the stomach?

A

celiac lymph

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9
Q

what artery lies within the heptoduodenal l.?

A

proper hepatic a.

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10
Q

which layer is used to maintain sutures?

A

scarpas fascia - deep

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11
Q

what is the 3rd part of the duodenum sandwiched between?

A

abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric a.

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12
Q

failure of the proper formation of what causes gastroschisis (major defect)?

A

lateral folds

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13
Q

what is a minor defect associated with improper formation of the lateral folds?

A

umbilical hernia

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14
Q

what is the lateral fold responsible for?

A

forming the muscular portion of the anterior abdominal wall!

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15
Q

how much does the proximal foregut (the part that fors the esophagus) rotate?

A

90 degrees - brings vagus n. anterior!

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16
Q

what is midgut volvulus?

A

possible complication of malrotation of the midgut loop without fixed mesentery - small intestines twist around the vasculature and can cause ichemic necrosis of the intestine

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17
Q

what is subhepatic cecum?

A

due to failure of the descent of the cecal bud and results in the absence of an ascending colon

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18
Q

what is duplication of the intestine?

A

fixed mesentery, no free movement of the intestines

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19
Q

what is congenital megacolon (Hirschsprung disease)?

A

due to failty migration of neural crest cells into the wall of the colon which causes a lack of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

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20
Q

what is Wilms tumor?

A

kidney malignancy that usually occurs in children. can be caused by mutations in the WTI gene

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21
Q

what is oligohydraminos linked to (respiratory)?

A

hypoplastic lungs

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22
Q

what would incomplete separation of the cloaca result in?

A

anal agensis with or without presence of fistula

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23
Q

what is rectal atresia?

A

failure of recanalization of the colon

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24
Q

what nerves carry visceral afferent fibers from abdominal organs and can be involved in the occurrence of referred pain?

A

the greater splanchnic nerve

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25
Q

what carries somatic afferent fibers to abdomen?

A

dorsal primary rami of intercostal nerves

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26
Q

what will supply blood to the pancreas if the gastroduodenal a. is ligated?

A

the superior mesenteric artery

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27
Q

the afferent fibers mediating pain from the head of the pancreas run initially with what?

A

greater thoracic splanchnic nerves

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28
Q

where is lymph drainage of the scrotum?

A

superficial inguinal nodes

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29
Q

what does the internal iliac lymph nodes drain?

A

pelvis, perineum, gluteal region

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30
Q

what do the lumbar nodes drain?

A

kidneys, adrenal glands, testes/ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes

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31
Q

what structures originate from the IAO muscle?

A

cremaster muscle and fascia

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32
Q

what is the external spermatic fascia dervied from?

A

EAO

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33
Q

what is the internal spermatic fascia derived from?

A

transversalis fascia

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34
Q

how is darts tunic made?

A

blending of adipose campers fascia and membranous scarpas fascia with smoothmuscle fibers

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35
Q

how can you tell the jejunum and ileum apart during surgery?

A

jejunum has less mesenteric fat - does have thicker walls, more villi, more plicae circulars, fewer vascular arcades

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36
Q

what is the second part of the duodenum cross anteriorly by?

A

the transverse mesocolon

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37
Q

what are the symptoms of yellow eyes and jaundice created by?

A

reversal of flow of bile into the bloodstream - common bile duct

38
Q

if there was an obstruction of the cystic duct what would happen?

A

block gallbladder drainage but allow bile flow from the liver

39
Q

what artery directly supplies the appendix?

A

ilioceliac

40
Q

where does cholecystitis affect dermatome?

A

T6 to T8 and hypochondriac region

41
Q

what nerve transmit pain from gallbladder?

A

sonsory afferents from the viscera carry pain fibers aas they travel with sympthaetic axons in the greater thoracic splanchnic nerves

42
Q

where is McBurney’s point?

A

right side of abdomen about 2/3 of the distance from the umbilicus to the ASIS

43
Q

kidney stone is obstructing utterer, what locations is the stone most likely to lodge?

A

pelvic brim - the ureter is nroamlly constricted to soem degree as it crosses the pelvic brim from the major to minor pelvis

44
Q

which ligament contains the major branches of the splenic a.?

A

splenorenal l.

45
Q

what does the gastrocolic l. contain?

A

gastroomental vessels

46
Q

what results from a failure of esophageal recanalization in the 8th week of development?

A

esophageal stenosis and esophageal atresia

47
Q

where are webs and strictures found in an examination of teh esophagus?

A

esophageal stenosis

48
Q

when would vomit contain bile and stomach contents?

A

when the lcoation of teh occlusion is distal to the ampulla of Vater - where the common bile duct enters the small intestine

49
Q

what would cause projectile vomiting without the presence of bile?

A

hypertrophied pyloric sphincter

50
Q

why does annular pancreas cause duodenal obstruction?

A

due to the thck pand of pancreatic tissue taht surrounds and constricts the second part of the duodenum. this obstruction can be found shortly after birth or later. annular pancreas can result from the bifid ventral pancreatic bus wrapping around the duodenum during development and fusiing with the dorsal pancreatic bus therefore forming a ring

51
Q

what casues anal a genesis with perineal fistula?

A

incomplete separation of the cloaca by the urorectal septum

52
Q

how does a midgut volvulous result?

A

twitsting of te intestines and obstruction of the small and large intestines

53
Q

what is seen in 50% of obstructive lesions of the intestine?

A

failure of recanalization of the ileum

54
Q

what results in non rotation of the midgut?

A

results in the lower portion of the loop returning to the abdomen first so that the small intestine becomes fixed on the right side of the abdomen with the large intestine lying entirely on the left.

55
Q

what does dorsal deviation of hte urorectal septum result in?

A

anal stenosis

56
Q

what resuts of failure of the anal membrane to perforate?

A

imperforate anus

57
Q

what is a vitelline fistula? what are the symptoms?

A

persistance of the vitelline duct

fecal discharge from umbilicus

58
Q

which vessels would contribute to ascities in portal hypertension?

A

veins of the body wall and veins of the retroperitoneal intestinal organs

59
Q

anastamosis between the epigastric veins and the paraumbilical veins would lead to what?

A

caput madusae

60
Q

Left gastric veins and esophageal beins anstomose and lead to what in portal hypertension?

A

esophageal varices

61
Q

what vessels anastomose to contribute to the portal-systemic anastamoses and lead to hemorrhoids?

A

superior rectal, left gastric, middle rectal veins

62
Q

a defect in what most likely causes direct inguinal hernias?

A

defective aponeurosis of transversus abdominis muscle

63
Q

what can contribute to a formation of indirect inguinal hernias?

A

patnets processus vaginialis at deep inguinal ring

or expansion of deep niguinal ring with the stretching of the transversalis fascia

64
Q

what is the lowest recess of the female abdominalpelvic cavity when the women is standing upright?

A

rectouterine pouch of Douglas

65
Q

what separates the vesicouterine space and the rectouterine pouch of Douglas?

A

the broad ligament of the uterus - prevents the collection of fluids in teh vesicouterine pouch

66
Q

what structure contain the neuronal cell bodies of the pain fibers coming from the appendix?

A

DRG of spinal nerves T8 to T10

67
Q

what vein is a frequent cause of DVT of the left lower limb

A

left common iliac vein - which lies posterior to the right common iliac vein?

68
Q

what is present within the celiac ganglion?

A

preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic
preganglionic parasympathetics
visceral afferent

69
Q

what is commonly used as a palpable landmark during abdominal surgeries to find the duodenaljejunal junction?

A

the suspensatory ligament of the duodenum (ligament of Trietz)

70
Q

what can cause heriation of the abdominal contents into the thorax (CDH)?

A

failure of the fusion of the pleuroperitoneal folds

71
Q

what type of hernias are due to defects in the pleuroperitoneal membrane?

A

Morgagni and Bochdalek hernias

72
Q

where is Morgagni hernia normally found?

A

retrosternal

73
Q

where is Bochdalek hernia commonly located?

A

posterolateral herniation

74
Q

when does a congenital hiatal hernia occur?

A

when part of the stomach herniates into the thoracic cavity - caused by shortened esophagus

75
Q

what is a clinical indication of a ruptured spleen characterized by intense radiating pain to the top of the left shoulder?

A

Kerh sign

76
Q

what occurs during the middle of a womens menstrual cycle when the graafian follicle ruptures and the ovum is released form the ovary?

A

Mittelschmerz sign

77
Q

what is a clinical indicator of gallbladder inflammation and pain referred to the right shoulder and diaphragmatic irritation?

A

Rovsing sing

78
Q

what is the most common variation in the hepatic artery supply to the right lobe of teh liver?

A

riht hepatic artery originating from the SMA - 18% of cases

79
Q

what could potentially be a point of constriction when trying to access the cystic duct?

A

spiral valve (of Heister)

80
Q

what structures are ligated in a cholecystectomy?

A

cystic duct and cystic a.

81
Q

what would result in bile peritonitis assuming the cholcystectomy was performed correctly?

A

the ducts of Lushka - not present in everyone , surgeon was unaware

82
Q

what is the most common cause of severe rectal bleeding in the pediatric age group?

A

Ileal (Meckel) diverticulum

83
Q

fusion of the caudal poritions of the kidneys during embryonic development results in what?

A

horseshoe kidney

84
Q

what is renal angenesis associated with?

A

oligohydraminos

85
Q

annular pancreas obstructs which part of the duodenum?

A

2nd

86
Q

what is midgut volvulous a possible complication of?

A

malrotation of midgut loop without fixed mesentery

87
Q

a tumor in the head of the pancreas may obstructu what?

A

common bile duct

88
Q

what is consistent with a “buffalo hump”?

A

suprarenal (adrenal) gland

89
Q

what anastomoses is attempted before liver transplant?

A

splenic to left renal v.

90
Q

which structure is likely to relase products into the blood stead to procude HTN and other signs?

A

cells of neural crst origin that migrated to adrenal medulla

Gross Anatomy (12 decks)

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