Grammer

Question 1

subject + có + predicate + không?

Answer 1

basic question frame “Anh có khoẻ không?” or “Anh có báo không?”

Question 2

affirmative answer: Yes + subject + predicate

Answer 2

“Vâng, tôi khoẻ” or “Vâng, tôi có báo”

Question 3

negative answer: No + subject + negative + predicate

Answer 3

“Không, tôi không khoẻ” or “Không, tôi không có báo”

Question 4

subject (noun, pronoun) + predicate (adjective)

Answer 4

When adjective functions as predicate, it follows the noun immediatley w/out linking verb (là): “Cô Hà trẻ” Miss Hà is young

Question 5

subject + có phải là + identification predicate + không?

Answer 5

Question frame when question contains equative verb (là): “Anh có phải là kỹ sư Hải không?” Are you engineer Hải?

Question 6

equative verb affirmative answer (là): Yes + subject + là + predicate

Answer 6

“Vâng, tôi là kỹ sư Hải” Yes, I am engineer Hải

Question 7

equative verb negative answer (là): No + subject + không phải là + predicate

Answer 7

“Không, tôi không phải là kỹ sư Hải” No, I am not engineer Hải

Question 8

ai? (subject)

Answer 8

beginning of the question: “Ai có ô tô?” Who has the car?

Question 9

ai? (identification predicate)

Answer 9

follows identification marker là: “Hải là ai?” Who is Hải?

Question 10

ai? (object)

Answer 10

follows the verb: “Nga vẽ ai?” Whom is Nga drawing?

Question 11

Cô Hà có nhà nhỏ

Answer 11

When adjective modifies a noun functioning as an attribute of the noun modified, it follows the noun “Miss Ha has a small house”

Question 12

Predicate

Answer 12

the part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject (e.g., went home in John went home ).

Question 13

Equative Verb

Answer 13

The term equative (or equational) is used in linguistics to refer to constructions where two entities are equated with each other. … In English, equatives are typically expressed using a copular verb such as “be”, although this is not the only use of this verb.

Question 14

Classifier

Answer 14

a word or affix that accompanies nouns and can be considered to “classify” a noun depending on the type of its referent…The most common classifiers typically do not translate to English: cái introduces most inanimate objects, while con generally introduces animate objects, especially animals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar#Classifier_position

Question 15

interrogative pronouns

Answer 15

Used to ask questions. They are: who, which (nào), whom, what (gì) and whose.

Question 16

nào

Answer 16

interrogative pronoun “which/what” follows the noun it modifies and denotes a choice to be made from a known set of things or people (Anh mua quyển từ điển nào?/Which dictionary are you buying?)

Question 17

gì

Answer 17

interrogative pronoun “what” follows the noun it modifies when the choice is from an indefinite set of things or people (Đây là quyển gì?/What kind of book is this?)

Question 18

phải không?

Answer 18

aren’t you?/don’t you? - interrogative expression placed at end of sentence to form a question when the speaker expects to receive confirmation to what they just said

Question 19

à?

Answer 19

right? - interrogative expression placed at end of sentence to form a question when the speaker expects to receive confirmation to what they just said - used when speaker believes the listener will agree

Question 20

cái/chiếc

Answer 20

most common classifiers, denote inanimate objects - cái/chiếc ô tô “a car”; cái/chiếc áo “a shirt”; cái/chiếc ô “an umbrella”

Question 21

cây

Answer 21

classifier used for trees - cây lê “a pear tree”; cây chuối “a banana tree”; cây đu đủ “a papaya tree”

Question 22

quả

Answer 22

classifier used for fruits - quả lê “a pear”; quả chuối “a banana”; quả đu đủ “a papaya”

Question 23

con

Answer 23

classifier used for animals - con hổ “a tiger”; con cá “a fish”; con chim “a bird”

Question 24

quyển/cuốn

Answer 24

classifiers used for books - quyển/cuốn sách “a book”; quyển/cuốn từ điển “a dictionary”

Question 25

tờ

Answer 25

classifier used for paper material - tờ giấy “a sheet of paper”; tờ báo “a newspaper”; tờ tạp chí “a magazine”

Question 26

ngôi

Answer 26

classifier used for houses and buildings

Question 27

toà

Answer 27

classifier used for tall buildings

Question 28

number + classifier + noun

Answer 28

classifier is inserted b/w the number and noun of a countable noun: một cái ghế “one chair”; hai tờ báo “two newspapers”; ba con chim “three birds”

Question 29

classifier + noun + pronoun

Answer 29

when modifying nouns, the demonstrative pronouns (này, kia, ấy/đó) follow the noun: ngôi nhà ấy “that house”; cái bàn kia “that table”; tờ báo đó “that newspaper”

Question 30

Pronouns

Answer 30

usually substitute for nouns and function as nouns, e.g., I, you, he, she, it, we, they, myself, this, that, who, which, everyone

Question 31

Adjectives

Answer 31

describe or modify nouns or pronouns, e.g., gentle, helpful, small

Question 32

Adverbs

Answer 32

describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, e.g., almost, gently, helpfully, someday

Question 33

Prepositions

Answer 33

relate nouns or pronouns to other words in a sentence, e.g., about, at, down, for, of, with

Question 34

Demonstrative Pronoun

Answer 34

a pronoun that is used to point to something specific within a sentence. Always used to identify a noun, these pronouns can indicate items in space or time, and they can be either singular or plural. When used to represent a thing or things, demonstrative pronouns can be either near or far in distance or time

Question 35

Demonstrative adjectives v Demonstrative Pronouns

Answer 35

demonstrative pronouns are followed by linking verbs and can replace nouns or can stand alone. Demonstrative adjectives, on the other hand, modify nouns and are followed by nouns.

Question 36

Demonstrative Adverb

Answer 36

Demonstrative adverbs have a two-way expression. For example, “now” and “then” both give information about time but “now” is a proximal adverb expressing a time at the present and “then” is a distal adverb. In their simplest form, demonstrative adverbs are made by combining demonstrative adjectives with words that denote time, location, manner, degree, etc.

Question 37

Demonstrative Adverb examples

Answer 37

đây (here), kia (that), đấy (there), đó (there)

Question 38

Demonstrative Pronoun examples

Answer 38

này (this), kia (that), ấy (that), đó (there)

Question 39

ít và nhiều

Answer 39

few/little and many/much - precede countable and uncountable nouns (ít sách, nhiều cơm); and follows a verb being modified (biết ít, biết nhiều)

Question 40

các - plural marker

Answer 40

các implies that all a given set of entities are involved and is used before personal pronouns directly addressing a person “Chào các anh”

Question 41

những - plural marker

Answer 41

những implies that only a certain number of the total possible are referred to “những quyển sách” “books”; những mostly used with the word người when using general personal pronouns - “những người Mỹ này”

Question 42

rất < lắm < quá

Answer 42

adverbs of degree - very (moderate degree), very (greater degree), very/excessively (extreme degree)

Question 43

rất

Answer 43

precedes the adjective - “Chiếc áo này rất đẹp” “this shirt is quite beautiful”
precedes a verb functioning as a predicate with an object - “Tôi rất thích chiếc áo náy” ‘I rather like this shirt’

Question 44

lắm

Answer 44

follows the adjective - “Chiếc áo này đẹp lắm” “this shirt is very beautiful”
at end of the sentence when verb functioning as a predicate with an object (w/out the word nhiều ‘much’) - “Tôi thích chiếc áo náy lắm” ‘I like this shirt very much’
Question formed with có…không? and negative sentences rất and quá are replaced with adverb lắm

Question 45

quá

Answer 45

follows the adjective - “Chiếc áo này đẹp quá!” “This shirt is extremely beautiful!”
at end of the sentence when verb functioning as a predicate with an object (w/out the word nhiều ‘much’) - “Tôi thích chiếc áo náy quá!” ‘I really like this shirt’
Question formed with có…không? and negative sentences rất and quá are replaced with adverb lắm