Grammer Flashcards
subject + có + predicate + không?
basic question frame “Anh có khoẻ không?” or “Anh có báo không?”
affirmative answer: Yes + subject + predicate
“Vâng, tôi khoẻ” or “Vâng, tôi có báo”
negative answer: No + subject + negative + predicate
“Không, tôi không khoẻ” or “Không, tôi không có báo”
subject (noun, pronoun) + predicate (adjective)
When adjective functions as predicate, it follows the noun immediatley w/out linking verb (là): “Cô Hà trẻ” Miss Hà is young
subject + có phải là + identification predicate + không?
Question frame when question contains equative verb (là): “Anh có phải là kỹ sư Hải không?” Are you engineer Hải?
equative verb affirmative answer (là): Yes + subject + là + predicate
“Vâng, tôi là kỹ sư Hải” Yes, I am engineer Hải
equative verb negative answer (là): No + subject + không phải là + predicate
“Không, tôi không phải là kỹ sư Hải” No, I am not engineer Hải
ai? (subject)
beginning of the question: “Ai có ô tô?” Who has the car?
ai? (identification predicate)
follows identification marker là: “Hải là ai?” Who is Hải?
ai? (object)
follows the verb: “Nga vẽ ai?” Whom is Nga drawing?
Cô Hà có nhà nhỏ
When adjective modifies a noun functioning as an attribute of the noun modified, it follows the noun “Miss Ha has a small house”
Predicate
the part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject (e.g., went home in John went home ).
Equative Verb
The term equative (or equational) is used in linguistics to refer to constructions where two entities are equated with each other. … In English, equatives are typically expressed using a copular verb such as “be”, although this is not the only use of this verb.
Classifier
a word or affix that accompanies nouns and can be considered to “classify” a noun depending on the type of its referent…The most common classifiers typically do not translate to English: cái introduces most inanimate objects, while con generally introduces animate objects, especially animals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar#Classifier_position
interrogative pronouns
Used to ask questions. They are: who, which (nào), whom, what (gì) and whose.
nào
interrogative pronoun “which/what” follows the noun it modifies and denotes a choice to be made from a known set of things or people (Anh mua quyển từ điển nào?/Which dictionary are you buying?)
gì
interrogative pronoun “what” follows the noun it modifies when the choice is from an indefinite set of things or people (Đây là quyển gì?/What kind of book is this?)
phải không?
aren’t you?/don’t you? - interrogative expression placed at end of sentence to form a question when the speaker expects to receive confirmation to what they just said
à?
right? - interrogative expression placed at end of sentence to form a question when the speaker expects to receive confirmation to what they just said - used when speaker believes the listener will agree
cái/chiếc
most common classifiers, denote inanimate objects - cái/chiếc ô tô “a car”; cái/chiếc áo “a shirt”; cái/chiếc ô “an umbrella”
cây
classifier used for trees - cây lê “a pear tree”; cây chuối “a banana tree”; cây đu đủ “a papaya tree”
quả
classifier used for fruits - quả lê “a pear”; quả chuối “a banana”; quả đu đủ “a papaya”
con
classifier used for animals - con hổ “a tiger”; con cá “a fish”; con chim “a bird”
quyển/cuốn
classifiers used for books - quyển/cuốn sách “a book”; quyển/cuốn từ điển “a dictionary”
tờ
classifier used for paper material - tờ giấy “a sheet of paper”; tờ báo “a newspaper”; tờ tạp chí “a magazine”
ngôi
classifier used for houses and buildings
toà
classifier used for tall buildings
number + classifier + noun
classifier is inserted b/w the number and noun of a countable noun: một cái ghế “one chair”; hai tờ báo “two newspapers”; ba con chim “three birds”
classifier + noun + pronoun
when modifying nouns, the demonstrative pronouns (này, kia, ấy/đó) follow the noun: ngôi nhà ấy “that house”; cái bàn kia “that table”; tờ báo đó “that newspaper”
Pronouns
usually substitute for nouns and function as nouns, e.g., I, you, he, she, it, we, they, myself, this, that, who, which, everyone
Adjectives
describe or modify nouns or pronouns, e.g., gentle, helpful, small
Adverbs
describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, e.g., almost, gently, helpfully, someday
Prepositions
relate nouns or pronouns to other words in a sentence, e.g., about, at, down, for, of, with
Demonstrative Pronoun
a pronoun that is used to point to something specific within a sentence. Always used to identify a noun, these pronouns can indicate items in space or time, and they can be either singular or plural. When used to represent a thing or things, demonstrative pronouns can be either near or far in distance or time
Demonstrative adjectives v Demonstrative Pronouns
demonstrative pronouns are followed by linking verbs and can replace nouns or can stand alone. Demonstrative adjectives, on the other hand, modify nouns and are followed by nouns.
Demonstrative Adverb
Demonstrative adverbs have a two-way expression. For example, “now” and “then” both give information about time but “now” is a proximal adverb expressing a time at the present and “then” is a distal adverb. In their simplest form, demonstrative adverbs are made by combining demonstrative adjectives with words that denote time, location, manner, degree, etc.
Demonstrative Adverb examples
đây (here), kia (that), đấy (there), đó (there)
Demonstrative Pronoun examples
này (this), kia (that), ấy (that), đó (there)
ít và nhiều
few/little and many/much - precede countable and uncountable nouns (ít sách, nhiều cơm); and follows a verb being modified (biết ít, biết nhiều)
các - plural marker
các implies that all a given set of entities are involved and is used before personal pronouns directly addressing a person “Chào các anh”
những - plural marker
những implies that only a certain number of the total possible are referred to “những quyển sách” “books”; những mostly used with the word người when using general personal pronouns - “những người Mỹ này”
rất < lắm < quá
adverbs of degree - very (moderate degree), very (greater degree), very/excessively (extreme degree)
rất
precedes the adjective - “Chiếc áo này rất đẹp” “this shirt is quite beautiful”
precedes a verb functioning as a predicate with an object - “Tôi rất thích chiếc áo náy” ‘I rather like this shirt’
lắm
follows the adjective - “Chiếc áo này đẹp lắm” “this shirt is very beautiful”
at end of the sentence when verb functioning as a predicate with an object (w/out the word nhiều ‘much’) - “Tôi thích chiếc áo náy lắm” ‘I like this shirt very much’
Question formed with có…không? and negative sentences rất and quá are replaced with adverb lắm
quá
follows the adjective - “Chiếc áo này đẹp quá!” “This shirt is extremely beautiful!”
at end of the sentence when verb functioning as a predicate with an object (w/out the word nhiều ‘much’) - “Tôi thích chiếc áo náy quá!” ‘I really like this shirt’
Question formed with có…không? and negative sentences rất and quá are replaced with adverb lắm
