grammer Flashcards
affirmative
an affarmative answer or action means ‘yes’ or show agreement.
Example:Untill now,however,the court has not reconsidered the workplace rules on affirmative action.
contraction
a shorter form of a word or words
Example:’Haven’t’ is a contraction of ‘have not’
proverb
a short well-known statement that gives advice or expresses sth that is generally true.
at all
used in negative statements and questions to emphasize what you are saying
1. They’ve done nothing at all to try and put the problem right.
2. Has the situation improved at all?
snow
snowing
open
opening
visit
visiting
listen
listening
happen
happening
shop
shopping
shopped
throw
(past tense threw /θruː/, past participle thrown
grow
verb (past tense grew /ɡruː/, past participle grown)
actual
/ˈæktʃuəl/ adjective [only before noun]
used to emphasize that something is real or exact
1.The actual amount of water needed by the crop depends on the weather conditions.
2. I know Germany won, but I can’t tell you the actual score.
actually
(adv)1. spoken used to add new information to what you have just said, to give your opinion, or to start a new conversation
1. 1. I’ve known Barbara for years. Since we were babies, actually.
2.used to emphasize the real or exact truth of a situation, rather than what people may think
2.1. What time are you actually leaving?
taught
the past tense and past participle of teach
written
the past participle of write
shake
verb (past tense shook /ʃʊk/, past participle shaken /ˈʃeɪkən/)
stick
verb (past tense and past participle stuck /stʌk/)
multi-
/mʌltaɪ/ prefix
in nouns and adjectives)
more than one; many
multivitamin
/ˌmʌltaɪˈvaɪtəmɪn/
a tablet or medicine containing several vitamins
multitask
/ˌmʌltiˈtæsk/
verb
past simple and p.p.= multitasked
-ing form =multitasking
semi-
/semaɪ/ prefix
(in adjectives and nouns)
half; partly
semicolon
/ˈsemaɪkəʊlən/ (n)
the mark ( ; ) used to separate the parts of a complicated sentence or items in a detailed list, showing a break that is longer than a comma but shorter than a full stop
1.The items are separated by semicolons.
semi-automatic
/ˌsemi ɔːtəˈmætɪk/
adj
*(of a gun) able to load bullets itself, and therefore very quickly, but not able to fire itself
1.a semi-automatic rifle
anti-
prefix /æntaɪ/
in nouns and adjectives
opposed to; against
1.antisocial (adjective) /ˌæntaɪˈsəʊʃl/
2.anti-tank weapons /ˌæntaɪ ˈtæŋk/
3. antivirus (adj) /ˈæntaɪvaɪrəs/
help
help somebody (to) do something
.1.The plan was intended to help development in rural areas.
2. She helped him choose some new clothes.
3. She was coming to help clean the machines.
4.Her uncle said he would help her to find a job.
5.The union thus helps people develop a greater sense of money management.
6.The latest report should help us to evaluate the true benefits of the program.
trust
trust somebody to do something
1. I didn’t trust myself not to say something rude, so I just kept quiet.
2. I trust him to make the right decision.
3.[ + (that) ] I trust (that) you slept well?
4.I trust you completely,’ he said.
5. He was a good driver and I trusted him implicitly.
make
make somebody something
1.She’s very good at making things from old scraps of material.
2.Anyone can make a mistake.
3.I suppose we should make a start on cleaning this room.
4.I like him because he makes me laugh.
5. My parents always make me do my homework before I go out.
6.He made no attempt to apologize.
7.I’ll make you some sandwiches.
*In written English, people often use cause somebody to do something rather than make somebody do something, as it sounds more formal:
His attitude caused him to be unpopular with colleagues.
let
verb (past tense and past participle let, present participle letting)
let somebody do something
1.Let Johnny have a go on the computer now.
2. Let me have a look at that letter.
3.I can let you have another £10, but no more.
4.Don’t let anyone know it was me who told you.
let somebody/something do something
5. Jenny let the note fall to the ground.
In written English, people often prefer to use allow somebody to do something rather than let somebody do something, as it is slightly more formal:
We must allow young people to develop independence.
U
uncountable
C
countable
PL
plural
inf
informal
f
formal
من آرزو داشتم که آخر داشته باشم
I hope to have a sister
causative/reasoning to
to که بابت دلیل انجام کاری میاد
1. I’m travelling to visit my family.
2. Why are you going shopping?
I’m going shopping to buy shoes.
3. I make a plan to complete my tasks this week.
past tense of “hide”
verb (past tense hid /hɪd/, past participle hidden /ˈhɪdn/)
the most important non-progressive verbs
some verbs are most often used in simple tense, not progressive , even if we mean “just now”
**believe/hate/hope/know/like/love/mean/need/
prefer/remember/seem/think(=’have an opinion’)/understand/want
1.Aysha seems unhappy.
2. I hate this music.
**Note also the expressions 3.It doesn’t matter(=It’s not important.)
4. There’s a problem .”I see(=I understand).”
I don’t mind
It dosen’t matter to me.
I hope so
امیدوارم
I hope not
امیدوارم که اینجوری نباشه
I think so
فک کنم
I don’t think so
فک نکنم
It depends
بستگی داره
co-
/kəʊ $ koʊ/ prefix
*together with
1. to coexist (=exist together or at the same time)
2.coeducation (=with boys and girls together)
**doing something with someone else as an equal or with less responsibility
3.my co-author (=someone who wrote the book with me)
4.the co-pilot (=someone who helps a pilot)
co-worker
/ˌkəʊ ˈwɜːkə $ ˈkoʊ ˌwɜːrkər/ ●●○ noun [countable]
1.someone who works with you and has a similar position (SYN colleague)
1.Overall, concern about co-worker dating appears to be very low.
colleague
/ˈkɒliːɡ $ ˈkɑː-/ ●●● S2 W2 AWL noun [countable]
*someone you work with – used especially by professional people (SYN co-worker)
1.a colleague of mine from the bank
2. She discussed the idea with some of her colleagues.
cooperate
(also co-operate British English) /kəʊˈɒpəreɪt $ koʊˈɑːp-/ ●●○ AWL verb [intransitive]
to work with someone else to achieve something that you both want
**cooperate in/on
1.The two universities are to cooperate in the development of a new industrial process.
2.They agreed to co-operate with Brazil on a program to protect the rain forests.
**cooperate with
3.Lions cooperate with each other when hunting game.
ترتیب نوشتاری پاراگرافها در رایتینگ
paragraph one:
1. introduction + overview
2. paragraph one body
3. paragraph two body
4. concluding sentence
past and meaning of catch
/kætʃ/
past: caught
*to take hold of something, especially something that is moving through the air:
1.I managed to catch the glass before it hit the ground.
past and meaning of dig
/dɪɡ/
present participle : digging
past tense and past participle : dug
1.Digging (in) the garden is good exercise.
passive structure
to be verb + past participate
enjoy + verb + ing
*enjoy doing something
1. Young children enjoy helping around the house.
2.I enjoyed watching the game on TV.
وقتی بچه بودم
when I was a child
between
adverb, preposition
*(also in between) in or through the space that separates two things, people, or places
1.I sat down between Sue and Jane.
2.a house and stables, with a yard in between
ایستگاه اتوبوس در گوشه سمت راست بالای محوطه دانشگاه است
The bus stop is in the upper right-hand corner of the campus.
opposite
/ˈɒpəzət $ ˈɑːp-/ ●●● preposition
* (especially British English) if one thing or person is opposite another, they are facing each other
(روبروش)
1.The people sitting opposite us looked very familiar.
2.on the wall opposite the door
3. The halls of residence are opposite the Students’ Union.
► Do not say that one thing is ‘opposite to’ or ‘opposite of’ another. Say that one thing is opposite another: There’s a car park opposite the hotel.
در محوطه دانشگاه دو مکان برای غذا خوردن وجود دارد
There are two places to eat on the campus.
پذیرش اصلی در میانه ی محوطه دانشگاه است.
The main reception is in the middle of the campus.
اتحادیه دانشجویان از 1995 تا الان به ساختمان متفاوتی جابجا شده است.
The Students’ Union moved to a different building between 1995 and today.
جای پارک ماشین به سمت پایین محوطه دانشگاه جابجا شده است
The car park moved towards the bottom of the campus.
towards
/təˈwɔːdz $ tɔːrdz, twɔːrdz/ ( especially British English, toward /təˈwɔːd $ tɔːrd, twɔːrd/ especially American English preposition)
*(DIRECTION) used to say that someone or something moves, looks, faces etc in the direction of someone or something
1.He noticed two policemen coming towards him.
2.All the windows face toward the river.
3.He was standing with his back towards me.
next to
preposition (کنارش)
*very close to someone or something, with no other person, building, place etc in between
1. There was a little girl sitting next to him.
in front of somebody/something
- further forward than someone or something OPP behind
1.He was standing in front of her in the lunch queue, and they just got talking.
2.He walked along in front of me, holding the lantern.
3. Suddenly, something ran across the road in front of the car.
4. An old wooden desk stood in front of the window.
past of learn
verb (past tense and past participle learned or learnt /lɜːnt $ lɜːrnt/ especially British English)
to name a few
is used to indicate that the items or examples mentioned are just some of many possible options, and there are more that could be listed but are not being explicitly stated.
1.”We offer a variety of fruits, like apples, oranges, and bananas, to name a few,” it means those are just some of the fruits they offer, and there are likely other fruits available as well that were not listed.
such as
The phrase “such as” is used to provide examples of something. It introduces one or more specific examples that illustrate or clarify the general category or concept being discussed.
The basic meaning of “such as” is:
“For example” or “like”
1.”We offer a variety of fruits, such as apples, oranges, and bananas.”
2.”Outdoor activities, such as hiking, camping, and fishing, are popular in this region.”
sure + sub + aux
- sure it has
has /have/ so/ does/ would/…
بجای بله در اسپیکینگ استفاده می کنیم
of course
بجای بله در اسپیکینگ استفاده میشه
بجای بله در اسپیکینگ چه کلماتی میشه استفاده کرد؟
- sure it has
(sure + sub + aux)
aux : have/has/do/does/would… - of course
- absolutely
- definitely
بسیاری از ساختمانها در شهر من تخریب شده اند
Many buildings have been demolished / were demolished in my home town.
past tense of buy
تلفظ
bought
/bɔːt/
past tense of bring
تلفظ
brought
/brɔːt/
past tense of seek
تلفظ
sought
/sɔːt/
past tense of think
تلفظ
thought
/θɔːt/
past tense of teach
تلفظ
taught
/tɔːt/
by the window=
=next to
کنار پنجره
خواننده آهنگ ادل است
The song is by Adele.
من با اتوبوس به سرکار می روم
I go to work by bus.
نشستن نزدیک پنجره
sitting by the window
=next to
در این پیج میشه راحت سرچ کرد
It is search-friendly.
Regular verb
A regular verb, noun, or adjective follows the usual rules in the structure of its various forms:
“Talk” is a regular verb but “be” is not.
When we use simple past?
finished action in past
I ate sushi last week.
when we use prefect?
when we have “no time”.
it’s an experience.
I’ve taken some painkillers.
فیلم خسته کننده است
The movie is boring.
من خسته ام
I’m bored
من احساس خستگی شدید دارم
I fell exhausted.
فیلم به شدت خسته کننده است
The film is exhausting.
من مجبور بودم غذا درست کنم
I was forced to cook = I had to cook.
countable
مثال، یه عالمه ، خیلی کم
*apple
plural s
numbers
few
many
a few
=not a lot , but enough
1.I need to get a few things in town.
few
= not a lot , not enough
1.I try to visit my parents every few weeks.
very few
= almost nothing
a little
= not a lot , but enough
little
= not a a lot, not enough
very little
= almost nothing
آیا میشه از any برای اسامی قابل شمارش و غیرقابل شمارش استفاده کرد؟
yes
1.”Do you have any apples in the fridge?”
2.”Do you have any sugar in the pantry?”
آیا میشه از some برای اسامی قابل شمارش و غیرقابل شمارش استفاده کرد؟
YES
1.”I have some books on my shelf.”
2.”I have some water in my bottle.”
آیا میشه از a lot of برای اسامی قابل شمارش و غیرقابل شمارش استفاده کرد؟
yes
1.”I have a lot of friends in the city.”
2. “I have a lot of money in my savings account.”
مثال و خیلی زیاد و خیلی کم برای
uncountable
= milk
1. much
2. a little
3. little
3. very little
قانون قابل شمارش و غیر قابل شمارش برای
meat , fish , vegetable , fruit , …
different kind = countable
quantity = uncountable(same kind)
1. I have fish (same kind).
2.I have a lot of chocolates in fridge.
3.tropical fruits, such as bananas and pineapples
4.Your fruit and vegetables will be weighed at the checkout.
5.Eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables.
6.citrus fruits, such as oranges and lemons
7.The color indicates when the fruit is ripe
8.Several large fish live in the pond.
9. We had fish for dinner.
music
قابل شمارشه یا غیرقابل شمارش؟
uncountable
اگه بخواهیم بگیم انواع مختلف موسیقی میگیم:
different kinds of music
come(past and pp)
came | come
