Grammar - Part 2 Flashcards
What is ‘Morphology’?
Refers to the structure of words and how they’re formed
What is a ‘Morpheme’?
The smallest and meaningful unit that makes up words
What are the three types of ‘Morphological Change’?
The three types of Morphological Change Include:
- Analogical Extension
- Reanalysis
- Metanalysis
What is ‘Analogical Extension’?
A morpheme is applied to multiple words over time, sometimes resulting in a new grammatical rule
What is ‘Reanalysis’?
Misunderstanding the origins and meanings of morphemes in a word and attributing a new meaning through an associative meaning
What is ‘Metanalysis’?
Also known as rebracketing, the morpheme boundaries in a word change, often as a result of ambiguity or a misinterpretation
What is ‘Contraction’?
A contraction that occurs where a part of a word is omitted; often signalled by an apostrophe
What is ‘Proclitic’?
A contraction that occurs at the beginning of a word, e.g. ‘tis from it is
What is ‘Enclitic’?
A contraction that occurs at the end of a word e.g. isn’t from is not
What are the three types of ‘Grammatical Change’?
The three types of ‘Grammatical Change Include:
- Affixation
- Conversion
- Back-formation
What is ‘Affixation’?
An affix, typically a prefix (beginning) or a suffix (end), is added to an existing word
What is ‘Conversion’?
Also known as zero derivation; a word changes word class (but the morphology doesn’t change)
What is ‘Back-Formation’?
A word changes word class when an affix is dropped
What are ‘Bound Morphemes’?
Cannot be used independently
What are ‘Free Morphemes’?
Can be used independently
What are ‘Allomorphs’?
Are ‘Bound Morphemes’ that share meaning, but not pronunciation, e.g. past tense inflectional morpheme
-ed is present in wished, realised as { t }
What is a ‘Clitic’?
It’s a bound morpheme, part way between a grammatical function word and an affix - they’re always connected to an adjacent word, yet carry a grammatical function
What are ‘Inflections’?
It’s a morpheme that changes an aspect of another, typically free, morpheme in relation to number, tense, mood, etc
What is the ‘Grammaticalisation Process’?
The process describes the gradual change of lexical items turning into grammatical items and grammatical items turning into more grammaticalised items
