Grammar Flashcards
Future perfect - el futuro perfecto
Will have + pp
Haber
Used to form future perfect - el futuro perfecto
Habré Habrás Habrá Habremos Habréis Habrán
Habrá (+ noun)
(future of hay)
there will be
Future progressive (/continuous) Will be doing Tomorrow I will be working in Madrid
Action verbs only
Future of estar + gerund
Mañana estaré trabajando en Madrid
Cuál and qué
What/which (one)
Generalisation
Qué - what
Cuál - which / which one
General questions for information
Qué
Qué es esto?
Specific questions seeking personal information
Cuál es
tu nombre / tu dirección / tu número de teléfono?
Which (one) from an identified choice
… bolsa
Cuál prefieres, (la bolsa) roja o verde?
Cuál, cuáles
Imperative
General
Irregular verbs (6) DESISH
Irregular verbs with TÚ (7) VDHTVPS
Used with Tú, Usted, Nosotros, Vosotros and Ustedes only
Usted, Nosotros and Ustedes: Follow present subjunctive ie present tense incl stem changes with ar endings swapped to er and er/ir endings swapped to ar Eg Hable, hablemos, habléis Coma, comamos, comáis
Same for negatives + no
Tú and Vosotros
Negatives as above - no + present subjunctive
No hables, no comas; no habléis, no comáis
Affirmative
Tú:
3rd pers sing of present tense (no ending swap)
eg habla, come, vive
Vosotros:
infinitive stem + endings ar = AD, er = ED, ir = ID
eg hablad, comed, vivid
NB short verbs:
eg dar = dad, ir = id, ser = sed, ver = ved, leer = leed
Irregular verbs with affirmative tú Tú: Vin Diesel has ten weapons Ven Di Sal Haz Ten Ve Pon Sé Venir Decir Salir Tener Ir Poner Ser (7)
Cf Ven - no vengas Di - no digas Sal - no salgas Haz - no hagas Ten - no tengas Ve - no vayas Pon - no pongas Sé - no seas
Irregular subjunctive verbs (6) DESISH
Dar - starting (yo) - dé (etc) Estar - esté Ser - sea Ir - vaya Saber - sepa Haber - haya
Reflexives
Reflexive pronoun attaches to end of imperative
Levántate
Levántese
Levantémonos (s drops from Levantemos + nos)
Levantaos (d drops from levantad + os)
Levántense
No te levantes No se levante No nos levantemos No os levantéis No se levanten
Cuyo
That house, whose door (or “the door of which”) is yellow, is very pretty.
Where is the teacher whose classes begin at 8?
It’s the boy whose father died.
The writer, whose books Ana wants to buy, lives in Mexico.
Whose, Of whom/which
Followed by noun and agrees with noun that FOLLOWS it
Cuyo, cuya, cuyo, cuyas
Esa casa, cuya puerta es amarilla, es muy bonita. ¿Dónde está el profesor cuyas clases comienzan a las ocho?
Es el chico cuyo padre murió.
El escritor, cuyos libros Ana quiere comprar, vive en México.
Neither … nor …
2 constructions:
Ni … ni …
No … ni … ni…
eg
Ni X ni Y fuma
No fuma ni X ni Y
Can have only one ni if one subject and combined with no:
No fumo ni bebo
Or
Ni fumo ni bebo
If people are used the verb can be singular or plural:
Ni X ni Y puede(n) venir
Other uses with ni
Sin … ni … = without X or/nor Y
Ni + noun
Ni siquiera + noun
= no/ not a/ not even
eg Ni idea = no idea
A little
Little (few)
Un poco - invariable = a little
Used as adjective + noun
Agrees with noun
Poco, poca, pocos, pocas
Apocopation
Basic rule:
Adjectives only shorten when placed before a noun (never after)
Noun must be singular
Usually noun must be masculine (2 exceptions C&G)
Common adjectives that apocopate - All drop final o/a before a masculine singular noun Bueno Malo Uno Primero Tercero Cualquiera Alguno - algún Ninguno - ningún Postrero - final
Special rules: Cualquiera Santo Ciento Grande
Apocopation rules
Cualquiera
Shortens before a masculine singular noun
Optional shortening before a feminine (Sp tends to keep a, LA to drop)
Santo
Only shortens before certain nouns
Not before common nouns - el santo día
Not before names beginning Do/To - San Francisco but Santo Domingo
Ciento shortens when meaning exactly 100 before a noun - Cien dólares Or before mil or millón - Cien mil euros Cien millones de euros
Grande
Shortened before masc and fem singular nouns
Not shortened when
used in comparative or superlative
used as exclamation with cuán
used as part of description with other adjectives
Subjunctive
Wishes and feelings
Affirmative and negative
Used when subject of introductory phrase is different to subject of subordinate phrase
If same subject use infinitive
Wishes Deseo que Me preocupa que Prefiero que Quiero que
Feelings Me gusta que Me molesta que - it bothers me that No me importa que - I don’t mind if Me apetece que - I feel like Me da igual que - I don’t care if Me encanta que Me alegra que - it makes me happy that
Could have done sth (3)
X could have gone
Poder in
Conditional / imperfect / preterite
+ haber + pp
X podría haber ido
X podía haber ido
X pudo haber ido
Al = on/by/because of
2
Al + infinitive
Al + haber + infinitive
To continue doing
Continuar + gerund
Seguir + gerund
One/you can/can’t
Se puede
No se puede
By/for (a certain time)
Eg by Thursday
Eg by early May
Para
Para el jueves
Para principios de mayo
Por o para
Por
Reason for sth ie because of
+ noun / infinitive
Through sth eg a place, window
As en to give a location but por makes it approximate
Hay monumentos en la ciudad - in
por - around
For + pronoun ie on behalf of - por mí, ti, él ..
+ time of day meaning in - por la tarde
+ transport, phone = by
Exchanging sth for sth else - libras por euros
Buying/selling for + price
Per
Expressing how long sth is/was/will be done for needs no preposition but durante or por can be used
Por mí que + present subjunctive = I don’t mind if (can be negative - don’t care or positive - wouldn’t mind)
Para
As an alternative to a + destination ( eg ir a / para)
Meaning by + time phrase as deadline / time limit
But meaning for + specific event - para Navidad
Giving opinion + pronoun - para mí
Meaning for but with surprise - for a … x is (surprising element)
In order to ie expressing a goal/purpose
Who sth is for - el regalo es para X
For + equipment expressing its purpose
Trabajar para - to work for
Pp + by - diseñado por Gaudí
Para mí que + any indicative tense = I really think that
Since
Desde que + indicative in pres / past
Past action - Desde que + subjunctive in past is more formal than indicative in past
Desde que + future action - use subjunctive
Until
Hasta que
+ indicative for present and future events
+ subjunctive for future events yet to happen
Would have done
Conditional perfect
I would have gone
I would have been able to
Conditional of haber + pp
Habría Habrías Habría Habríamos Habríais Habrían
Habría ido
Habría podido
Passive
The question wasn’t answered
Ser + pp
La pregunta no fue respondidA/contestadA
Position of adjectives
Posición del adjetivo
Descriptive adjectives usually follow noun
NB:
Where 2 occur link with y or e
Option to place 1 before and 1 after - shorter or lesser 1 precedes noun
A noun may precede to show an inherent quality of the noun
If the adjective is subjective it precedes eg best, bad (es una mala idea)
Limiting adjectives
This/that/ short possessives (my, your) precede
Long forms of possessive adjectives (mío, tuyo) follow
Ordinal numbers can follow for emphasis - la casa segunda, las casas primeras
Augmentatives
Aumentativos
Add to nouns, adjectives, adverbs to indicate
bigness
negativity eg contempt
without need for grande or repugnante
Common augmentatives Masc ÓN, AZO, OTE, ACHO Fem ONA, AZA, OTA, ACHA add to end of noun eg mujer - mujerona = big woman
If noun ends in vowel drop the vowel hombre - hombrón libro - librote = big, heavy book éxito - exitazo = great success grande - grandon = very big
Diminutives
Diminutivos
Add to end of nouns, adjectives and adverbs to show
smallness
affection
without using pequeño or querido
Common diminutives Masc ITO, CITO, ECITO ILLO, CILLO, ECILLO Fem - a ending
General
Add ITO/ILLO to end of word
If a,i,o,u ending drop vowel
ahora - ahorita = right now
Egs Mamacita - mummy Pobrecita - poor little thing Chiquita - little girl Pedazo = piece, pedacito = little piece
Intensifiers
Intensificadores
muy, mucho, sumamente = extremely
Suffix
Adjectival intensifier - ísimo, a, os, as
Facilísimo
Bellísimo
Riquísimo = v rich
Prepositional pronouns
General Neuter Changes with con When subject pronouns are used instead With another pronoun
Mí Ti Él Ella Ud
Nosotros Vosotros Ellos Ellas Uds
Ello - it (this, that)
Sí - oneself
No estoy listo para ello
… por ello … - that’s why …
Con changes
Mí - conmigo
Ti - contigo
Sí - consigo
Subject pronouns used instead after Como - like Entre Excepto - except Incluso Menos - except Salvo - except Según
and when paired with another pronoun
Para tú y yo
Por ella o yo
Yet Ya, todavía difference The baby walks now The baby doesn’t run yet Ana still lives here Ana doesn’t live here anymore Are you still there? Are you here yet?
Ya for change from past to present Todavía for continuity from past to present El bebé ya camina El bebé todavía no corre Ana todavía vive aquí Ana ya no vive aquí ¿Todavía estás aquí? ¿Ya estás aquí?
For Por o para? For 2 hours To pay £5 for the book 2 times per week I go through the park I go towards/to the park I go by bus To call by phone I work for Microsoft I didn’t vote for anyone It’s a glass for water I study to learn The present is for her For a child he is tall
Por 2 horas Pagar £5 por el libro 2 veces por semana Voy por el parque Voy para el parque Voy por bus Llamar por teléfono Trabajo para Microsoft No voté por nadie Es un vaso para agua Estudio para aprender El regalo es para ella Para un niño es alto
