grammar - 39-45

Question 1

semi - deponent verbs

Answer 1

Present - active forms
Present, imperfect, future

Perfect - passive forms
Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect

Always - active meanings (even in perfect systems)

eg. fidit - he trusts
fisus est - he has trusted

Question 2

ablative of price

Answer 2

• with buying and selling verbs
• The price of something is put in the ablative case

definite values - ablative
indefinite values - genitive

eg. hunc equum centum sestertiis emi - i bought this horse for a hundred sesterti

Question 3

ablatives

Answer 3

**ablative with verbs **
ablative noun following certain verb
gladio usus sum - I used a sword

ablative of comparison
ablative noun
puella prudentior est puero - the girl is smarter than the boy

ablative of measure of difference
ablative adjective
puella multo prudentior est - the girl is much smarter

ablative of price and genitive of value
ablative price, genitive value/quantity
definitive quantities - eg. I bought some chocolates for $7.30 - usually take ablative
otherwise - eum maximi aestimo - I value him very highly

ablative of origin
usually follow to be born - natus
vir nobili genere natus - a man born from a noble family

Question 4

sum, esse, fui

subjunctive

Answer 4

present - sim, sis, sit…
imperfect - essem, esses…
perfect - fuerim, fueris…
pluperfect - fuissem, fuisses…

Question 5

possum, posse, potui

subj

Answer 5

pres - possim
imperf - possem
perf - potuerim
pluperf - potuissem

Question 6

volo, velle, volui

Answer 6

pres - velim
imperf - vellem
perf - voluerim
pluperf - voluissem

Question 7

nolo, nolle, nolui

Answer 7

pres - nolim
imperf - nollem
perf - noluerim
pluperf - noluissem

Question 8

malo, malle, malui

Answer 8

pres - malim
imperf - mallem
perf - maluerim
pluperf - maluissem

Question 9

fero, ferre, tuli

Answer 9

pres - feram
imperf - ferrem
perf - tulerim
pluperf - tulissem

Question 10

eo, ire, ii

Answer 10

pres - eam
imperf - irem
perf - ierim
pluperf - iissem

Question 11

indirect statement

translate
Credo eum prudentum esse
Scintilla dixit Flaccum in agro laborare

Answer 11

Consists - accusative + infinitive
Se, suus refer back to subject (he/she …) of indirect statement
For infinitives formed from participles - perfect passive, future active - participle agrees with acc/subject of infinitive

Eg .
Credo eum prudentum esse - I believe that he is wise
Marcus dicit se Quintum adiuturum esse - Marcus said that he will help Quintus to

if verb introducing indirect statement is past
latin - tense is always one used in original words/direct speech - so would be either present/perfect/future
but english always makes the tense past - imperfect (present)/pluperfect(perfect)/future perfect(would…/for future)

eg. Scintilla dixit Flaccum in agro laborare
Scintilla said that Flaccus was working in the field vs Scintilla said that Flaccus is working in the field (direct - Scintilla said, “Flaccus is working in the field”)

Question 12

active infinitives

present - parare, monere, regere, capere, esse

Answer 12

Perfect - 3rd principal part minus “i” + isse
Except 4th conjugation - 3rd principal part + “visse”
parav-isse
Monu-isse
Rex-isse
Audi-visse
Cep-isse
Fuisse

Future - 3rd person present + “urus” + “esse”
Except 3rd conjugation - depends
Parat-urus esse
Monit-urus esse
Rect-urus esse
Audit-urus esse
Capt-urus esse
Futurus esse/fore

Question 13

passive infinitives

Answer 13

Present
Parari
Moneri
Regi
Audiri
Capi

Perfect 4th principal part/supine + esse
Paratus esse
Monitus esse
Rectus esse
Auditus esse
Captus esse

Future - 3rd person present + “urus” + “esse”
Except 3rd conjugation - depends
Parat-urus esse
Monit-urus esse
Rect-urus esse
Audit-urus esse
Capt-urus esse
Futurus esse/fore

Question 14

deponent infinitives

Answer 14

Active in meaning, but present and perfect passive in form
Eg.
Present conari sequi
Future conaturus esse secuturus esse
Perfect conatus esse secutus esse

Question 15

verbs which introduce indirect statements

Answer 15

Dico - I say
Nego - I deny
Puto - I think
Scio - I know
Nescio - I don’t know
Cognosco - I get to know/I learn
Credo - I believe
Promitto - I promise
Spero - I hope
Gaudeo - I rejoice that

Question 16

result/consecutive clause

Answer 16

Consecutive/result clauses show the result of the main clause - expressing consequence

Introduced by ut + subjunctive or ut + non
Translated as “that…”

Reflexive verbs in consecutive clauses refer to subject of clause - similar idea to indirect statements

Examples -
Quintus tam verecundus erat ut vix quicquam dicere posset
Quintus was so shy that he could scarcely say anything
Quintus adeo timebat ut dicere non posset
Quintus was so scared [or - was scared to such an extent] that he could not say anything
(Ut + non instead of ne - result clause)

Question 17

the main clause preceding a result/consecutive clause usually contains …

Answer 17

Adjectives meaning “so”

Tam- such (with adjectives, adverbs)
Tantus - so great
Tot - so many
Totiens - so often
Ita - in such a way, thus, so
Adeo - to such extent, so

Question 18

Conditional clause

Answer 18

• Introduced by “si” - “if” and “nisi” - “unless/if…not”
• State a condition which truth of main clause depends
• Indicative or subjunctive mood; Present, past, future tense

Question 19

Simple, open fact conditions

Si hoc fecisti, stultus eras.

Answer 19

• • Where the truth of main clause is left open
• Indicative

• Present, past but not future tense (as future is always hypothetical as we haven’t met it yet - hence subjunctive)   

Eg. Si hoc fecisti, stultus eras.
If you did this, you were foolish.

Question 20

Contrary to fact conditions

Si festinavissent, tempore advenissent.

Nisi imprudens fuisses, iam incolumis esses.

Answer 20

Suggest main clause is untrue (or could be untrue)

• Conditional 
• Present clauses - imperfect subj 
• Past clauses - pluperfect  
• Both main and conditional clause use subjunctive 
• Translates to would/should in English for main clause 

Eg. Si prudens esse, hoc non faceres.
If you were prudent, you would not be doing this. (Untrue “you would not be doing this” because implied that this person “is doing it)

Si festinavissent, tempore advenissent.
If they had hurried, they would have arrived on time. (But they didn’t arrive on time)

Nisi imprudens fuisses, iam incolumis esses.
Unless you had been imprudent, you would now be safe.
Fuisses - past time
Esses - present

Question 21

Future vivid conditional

Si domum reveneris, omnia tibi narrabo.

Answer 21

• Indicative
• Latin uses future (though more often future perfect) in “si” clause while in English it translates to present tense

Eg. Si domum reveneris, omnia tibi narrabo.
If you come back home, you will tell me everything.

Question 22

Future less vivid

Si domum revenias, omnia tibi narrem.

Answer 22

• Subjunctive
• Condition represented as improbable
• Present tense for both si and main clause (no future subj)
• Should/would translation - main clause

Eg. Si domum revenias, omnia tibi narrem.
If you were to return home, I should tell you everything.
Or if you returned home..

Were to… should/would +present

Question 23

45 - use of subjunctive in main clauses

Jussive

Answer 23

• Exhortations (emphatic commands)
• Third person (he/she or they)

Eg. Ad forum festinemus
Let us hurry to the forum

Question 24

45- use of subjunctives in main clauses

Deliberative questions

Answer 24

• Implies doubt, indignation, even impossibility of something to be done

Eg.
Quid faciamus?
What are we to do?

In first person or plural -
Used when speaker is wondering what to do
Eg. Utrum hic maneam an domum redeam?
Am I to stay here or return home?

Question 25

45 - use of subjunctives in main clauses

Optative (wishes)

Answer 25

1. Translated as “I wish that…” or “may…”
   • “Utinam” meaning “I wish that…” is used so that the meaning is clearer

Eg. Diu vivas semperque valeas.
May you live long (for a long time) and always be healthy!

(Utinam) pater meus adesset.
I wish my father were (is) here.

(Utinam) pater meus ne Roma abiisset.
I wish my father had not gone away to Rome.

2. Tenses in optative same as use in conditional clauses meaning 
• Present subjunctive to express future meaning 
• Imperfect for present 
• Pluperfect for past 

3. The negative is “ne”

Question 26

45 - use of subjunctives in main clauses

Potential

Answer 26

1. Use of this subjunctive not common except with “ velim, nolim, ausim” (irregular present subj form of audeo or “to dare”)
   2. Sort of conditional clause without “si” or “if”
      Eg, I should like to help you … (if I could)
   3. Negative is “non”
   4. Hence translation… “I should…” “I would…” “I should not…,” etc

Eg. Velim hoc facere.
I should like to make this

Non ausim pugere.
I would not like to fight.

Question 27

39 - indirect questions

Answer 27

Composed of -
interrogative verb - verb of asking, knowing, etc - eg. Quarere - to seek
question word - who, what, when, why, how, etc - eg. Quid - what

(Note - for questions in extended indirect speech(list of indirect questions) - rhetorical questions in indirect speech take infinitive rather than subj, real questions take subj)

1. Present - He asks what they are doing  ( present subjunctive)  Rogat quid faciant 

2. Future - he asks what they are going to do  Rogat quid facturi sint. 

Note - subjunctives in latin do not have future tense
- They use future participle + conjugation of “sum”
Eg. Facturi sint - they are going to do
Facturus sim - I am going to do

3. Past - he asks what they have done  Rogat quid fecerint 

Introduced by any interrogative words (+verb of asking, knowing)
(Quis, cur, etc)
- Num (whether..)
Eg. Quintus senem rogavit num parentes suos vidisset.
Quintus asked the old man whether he had seen his parents.

- Double questions - utrum…an… (whether..or..)  Senex Quintum rogavit utrum Venusiae mansurus esset an parentes quaesiturus.  The old man asked Quintus whether he was  going to stay in Venusia or look for his parents.  

- Utrum..necne (whether..or not..) Quintus senem rogavit utrum parentes sui Venusia discessissent necne.    Quintus asked the old man whether or not his parents had left from Venusia.

Question 28

39 - sequence of tenses

Answer 28

SUMMARY -
primary verb (main clause) - future, present, perf with have : (indirect question clause) present subj, perfect subj, future participle + present subj “sum”
secondary verb - imperf, perf, pluperf/ past : imperf subj, pluperf subj, future participle + imperf subj “sum”