Gram Positive Pathogens

Question 1

Gram Positive Pathogens include

Answer 1

Staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci

Question 2

Staphylococci have what shpe

Answer 2

grape cluster

Question 3

Streptococci shape

Answer 3

Chains

Question 4

Enterococci shape?

Answer 4

short chains

Question 5

Gram positive stain what color?

Answer 5

dark blue

Question 6

Gram positive have how many membranes

Answer 6

one…G- have two

Question 7

Gram pos have a thick peptidoglycan bilayer

Answer 7

true

Question 8

Which has a periplasmic space

Answer 8

Gram negative

Question 9

Gram negative make what that can cause shock?

Answer 9

Lipopolysaccharide…Endotoxins found in the outer membrane of Gram Negative bacteria that illicit a strong immune response in mammals

Question 10

Strep and staph have how many cell membranes?

Answer 10

One

Question 11

Gram positives are under a ton of pressure so one defect can cause them to explode

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What must the cells be doing for cell wall target antibiotics to work?

Answer 12

Bacteria must be growing

Question 13

What do phage lysins do that makes them special ab treatments

Answer 13

Can kill bacteria when they aren’t growing. Phage lysins degrade crossbridges by cleaving them between the lactyl moiety of NAM and the L-Ala of the pentapeptide Ala-Glu-Glu-Lys-Ala. very promising treatment.

Question 14

Two types of teichoic acids

Answer 14

Lipoteichoic acid and wall teichoic acid

Question 15

Importance of teichoic acids

Answer 15

Have a major effect on overall surface charge

Question 16

What can make bacteria much less virulent?

Answer 16

The inability to add D-alanine to LTA. This makes this process a good target for potential antibiotics

Question 17

Top three harmful staph species are?

Answer 17

Staph aureus, staph epidermis, staph saprophyticus

Question 18

Staph are facultative anaerobes

Answer 18

true…they prefer reduced O2

Question 19

What produces a slime

Answer 19

staph epidermis

Question 20

What can form a polysaccharide capsule

Answer 20

Staph aureus

Question 21

Why are capsules considered virulence factors

Answer 21

Capsules can act as an adhesive factor. Also, capsules can sterically block phagocytosis by preventing complement from binding opsonized bacteria

Question 22

are staph catalase positive?

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

Which staph makes coagulase

Answer 23

S. aureus…coagulase activates prothrombin to thrombin which cleacves fibrinogen to fibrin and causes a clot.

Question 24

Colonization of staph aureus is mostly where?

Answer 24

nasal cavity

Question 25

Disease in staph carriers more or less severe?

Answer 25

Less

Question 26

HA infections?

Answer 26

Healthcare associated infections. Generally a single strand passed within the facility

Question 27

CA infections

Answer 27

Community acquired...generally carriers being infected by the strain they carry or passing it to others they come in contact with.

Question 28

What is Alpha toxin

Answer 28

produced by staph aureus. makes a large pore in the membrane

Question 29

What is PVL

Answer 29

A pore forming Beta toxin. Contributes to community acquired MRSA

Question 30

What staph produced exotoxin causes scalded skin syndrome?

Answer 30

exfoliatin. degrades desmoglein-1, a cadherin involved in desmosome formation. desmosomes are involved in cell-cell adhesion and prevent shear related tears. Important little things.

Question 31

Scalded skin syndrome is usually seen in what age group?

Answer 31

under5

Question 32

What layers of skin usually separate sss

Answer 32

relatively superficial layer....b/w stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum

Question 33

Example of a superantigen

Answer 33

Toxic Shock Syndrome TSST-1

Question 34

What do superantigens do?

Answer 34

bind T cells to MHC class II molecules at a greater rate than usual. Results in a cytokine storm

Question 35

Enterotoxins are a subdivision of exotoxins

Answer 35

true

Question 36

Staph enterotoxins cause what

Answer 36

Food poisoning. vomitting and intestinal cramping. The bacteria itself doesnt even have to be alive. Happens quickly, over in 12 hrs

Question 37

MSCRAMM?

Answer 37

microbail surface components that recognize matrix molecules

Question 38

Sortase?

Answer 38

binds MSCRAMMS to cell wall

Question 39

Hyaluronidase

Answer 39

degrades hyaluronic acid in connective tissues and makes bacterial spread easier

Question 40

Biofilms do what

Answer 40

slow cell growth and make cell wall antibiotics less effective

Question 41

Stages in biofilm development

Answer 41

``` adhesion colonization microcolony formation maturation Dispersal ```

Question 42

folliculitis

Answer 42

common staph infection of the skin. hair follicles

Question 43

carbuncle

Answer 43

bunch of boils

Question 44

external stye

Answer 44

sebaceous or sweat glands infectd

Question 45

Internal stye

Answer 45

tarsal glands infected

Question 46

staph aureus pneumonia. Not to be confused with staph pneumonia pneumonia

Answer 46

commonly seen after the flu. Staph pneumonia pneumonia is also commonly seen after the flu but s. aureus has a much worse prognosis. s. aureus causes tissue destruction. lungs will not return to normal in s. aureus like s. pneumonia

Question 47

two forms of infective endocarditis

Answer 47

acute and subacute

Question 48

acute IE

Answer 48

usually caused by staph aureus, large bulky valve, IV drug use is a predisposing factor, raid onset of symptoms

Question 49

subacute

Answer 49

strep viridans in the most common cause, previous abnormal valve, small vegetation

Question 50

Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome causede by what toxin

Answer 50

TSST-1