Gram Negative Spiral Flashcards by Corinne Perra

What are the gram negative spiral bacteria?

Campylobacter
Helicobacter
Lawsonia

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Are the gram negative spiral bacteria obligate or opportunistic pathogens?

Opportunistic

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________________ and _______________ gram neg spiral bacteria are extracellular pathogens and _________________ is an obligate intracellular pathogen

Campylobacter and Helicobacter

Lawsonia intracellularis

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What is the shape of campylobacter?

Curved rods

Often seagull shaped (what does that even mean?)

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What are the oxygen requirements of campylobacter?

Microaerophilic (low oxygen to grow, do not survive in environment)

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Where do campylobacter live?

GI tract or lower genital tract

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How do arcobacter spp differ from campylobacter?

Arcobacter have campylobacter-like morphology but are aerotolerant and grow at 30C

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What disease is caused by campylobacter fetus subspecies. Venerealis

Bovine general campylobacteriosis

->early embryonic death

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What disease is caused by C. Fetus subspecies. Fetus

Bacteraemia and abortion

> abortion storm in small ruminants
> sporadic abortion

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What disease does C. Jejuni cause?

Gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and bacteremia in all sp

Dog and cat -> gastroenteritis
Ruminants -> abortion
Young poultry -> gastroenteritis and hepatitis

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Under what conditions do you commonly get infection by campylobacter jejuni infection?

Poor hygiene, and management

Young animals

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Certain serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni are associated with _________________ syndrome which is an acute demyelination of peripheral nerves

Gillian-Barre

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What are the major sources of foodborne bacterial infection due to campylobacter jejuni?

Chicken > raw milk > diarrhetic animals > puppies > contaminated water > meats

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Campylobacter jejuni colonized the intestine by use of ________________ . This colonization/invasion of the epithelium can lead to ___________

Bipolar flagellum; bacteremia

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What toxins are present in campylobacter jejuni?

Heat liable enterotoxin -> adenylate cyclase activation => diarrhea

Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) -> cell cycle arrest

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What are disease associated with campylobacter jejuni?

Superficial erosive enteritis
Ileitis-colitis; blood and mucous
Bacteraemia and abortion (rare- severe cases)

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How do you diagnose Capylobacter jejuni infection?

Fecal culture -> selective agar for microaerophilic conditions

PCR

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How do you treat and control campylobacter jejuni infections

Usually self limiting
Severe cases -> macrolide and fluoroquinolones

Control with hygiene and management

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Avian vitriolic hepatitis can be found in poultry infected with ________________

Campylobacter jejuni

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T/F: campylobacter jejuni is zoonotic

True

Food contaminant

> cook meat fully
> control house flies

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What conditions can campylobacter jejuni cause in humans?

Diarrheal
Guillain-Barré syndrome (PNS demyelination)
Reactive arthritis

Campylobacter jejuni has resistance to ____________

Fluoroquinolones

Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis lives subclinically where?

Prepupital crypts of bulls

How is campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis transmitted

Breeding or AI

Cattle with endometritis, repeated breeding, extended breeding cycle/prolonged calving intervals, or abortions

Campylobacter fetus subsp, venerealis

T/F: Bulls infected with campylobacter fetus subsp. Venerealis exhibit balanoposthitis (inflammation of the prepuce and glans)

False | Males exhibit no clinical signs

How does one diagnose campylobacter fetus subsp. Venerealis ?

``` Bulls: Preputial wash /semen Darkfield microscopy PCR Fluorescent antibody Culture ``` Cow: Detect antibody (IgA) in cervical/vaginal mucus Culture/organism detection by not be as sensitive in cows as bulls because microbial numbers are usually lower

How do you treat your moo cows with campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis ?

Antimicrobials in semen extenders for AI | -> rarely as intrauterine or preputial infusion

How do you control your campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis

Breed only negative bulls Use young bulls Vaccinate herd (short lived) Local immunity restores reproductive soundness and eventually clears the organism

Where does. Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus live

Commesals of intestinal tract in sheep and cattle

What disease does campylobacter fetus subsp fetus cause in sheep and cattle

Ovine genital campylobacteriosis Cattle: occasional abortions

What is the pathogenesis of campylobacter fetus subsp fetus

Sheep -> ingest contaminated food/H2O -> bacteremia -> inflammation of placental and abortion

What is the shape of Helicobacter?

Small spiral rods

What are the O2 requirements for Helicobacter

Microaerophilic

Where do helicobacter live?

Commensalism of gastric mucosa and intestine

What does helicobacter pylori cause

Gastric ulcers | Associated with gastic neoplasms

What virulence factors does H. pylori have?

``` Adhesions and flagella Endotoxins Extracellular urease (acid-neutralizing) mucinase, vacuolating cytotoxic, and catalase ```

______________ is involved in hypergastrinemia and peptic ulcers in ferrets

Helicobacter mustelae

_____________ and ________________ are mouse pathogens involved in hepatic necrosis, nonsupperative hepatitis, and hepatocellular tumors

H. Hepaticus and H. Billis

How do you diagnose a helicobacter infection?

``` Endoscopy and biopsy Urease-> breath test Microscopy/histopatholgoy Serology PCR ```

How do you treat a Helicobacter infection?

Proton pump inhibitor and antimicrobials (amoxicillin, metronidazole, clarithromycin, and bismuth)

What is the only way to culture Lawsonia intracellularis??

Enterocyte cell lines

What disease is associated with lawsonia intracellularis

Porcine proliferative enteropathy (intestinal adenomatosis)

Who are the hosts of lawsonia intracellularis

Broad host range Foal, pig, ferret, hamster, nonhuman primates

Where does lawsonia replicate

Apical cytoplasm of enterocytes

T/F: lawsonia are intracellular bacteria

True

Weaning pigs Reduced weight gain and proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy

Lawsonia intracellularis Also common in yearling foals

How do you diagnose a lawsonia infection

Histopathology -> sliver stain IHC PCR

How do you treat a lawsonia infection?

Antimicrobials in feed/water Carbadox, spectinomycin, tylosin, macrolides, and tetracyclines

Lawsonia has antimicrobial resistance to ?

B lactams and aminoglycosides

T/F: Lawsonia intracellularis has a vaccine in swine

True

Donut like lesions in the fetal liver are pathoneumonic for what bacteria?

C. Fetus and c. Jejuni