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Fun-guys 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s is the most frequent yeast pathogen ?

A

Candida albicans

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2
Q

Candida albicans is a normal flora of. ??

A

Mouth, intestine, lower urogenital tract

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3
Q

What type of organism is Candida albicans?

A

Yeast (stains gram positive)

Can reversible transition of pseudohyphae and hyphae

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4
Q

T/F: Candida albicans are obligate pathogens of the skin and mucosa

A

False

Opportunistic

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5
Q

What disease is caused by Candida albicans, causing a white-yellow hyperkeratotic lesion?

A

Thrush

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6
Q

What are the lesions caused by Candida albicans ?

A

Plaques in tongue, mouth, proventriculus, and stomach => White-yellow hyperkeratotic

Systemic -> mastitis

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7
Q

How do you diagnose, treat and control Candida albicans?

A

Gram stain -> see yeas
Culture (aerobic/fungal)

Prevent predisposition

Treatment: Anti-fungal drugs

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Malassezia pachydermatis?

A

Thick walled
Bottle shaped yeast
Lipophilic

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9
Q

Where does malassezia pachydermatis live?

A 
Commensalism of skin 
Dog ear (otitis externa)
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10
Q

What are the two species of cryptococcus and what habitats are they associated with?

A

C. Neoformans- pigeon dropping

C. Gattii -eucalyptus tree

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11
Q

What are the most common species infected by crytococcus?

A

Cats

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12
Q

Shape of cryptococcus?

A

Large round to oval

Mucopolysacchardie capsule prominent

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13
Q

What is an in house test you can do to diagnose crytococcus infection?

A

India ink stain -> see large mucopolysaccharide capsule (important virulence factor)

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14
Q

What lesions does cryptococcus neoformans cause in cats?

A

Chronic granulomatous inflammation

  • upper respiratory
  • CNS

Gelatinous mass due to capsule

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15
Q

What lesions does cryptococcus neoformans cause in dog?

A

Granuloma

  • skin
  • eye
  • lymph node
  • rarely pneumonia
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16
Q

T/F: humans can get crytococcus from direct contact with their animal

A

False

By inhalation from environment

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17
Q

How do you treat cryptococcus?

A

Long term treatment

Amphotericin B, flucytosine, Azole

Surgical removal of mass

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18
Q

If CNS disease due to crytococcus is suspected, what should you collect and what test should you run?

A

Serum

ELISA or latex agglutination

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19
Q

How do you prevent crytococcus ?

A

Avoid pigeon dropping

Clean and disinfect bird habitat

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20
Q

What is a thermally dimorphic fungi?

A

Single cell (yeast) or spherical form at body temp and mold at ambient environmental temp

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21
Q

What are the the species of thermally dimorphic fungi?

A

Histoplasma
Blastomyces
Coccidiodes
Sporothrix

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22
Q

What is the most common systemic fungus?

A

Balstomycosis

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23
Q

Who gets blastomyces infections?

A

Dog and human (most common)

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24
Q

What disease is balsomycosis?

A

Usually disseminated

Pyogranulomatous/granulomatous host response
Pulmonary, cutaneous, ocular, and bone

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25
How do you diagnose a blastomyces infection??
Direct stain -gram or PAS (yeast) Fungal culture Serology Biopsy/histopathology
26
How do you treat blastomyces infection?
Drugs - amphotericin or itraconazole (or both just to be safe) Success depends on severity
27
Histoplasma casulatum usually infects what tissue
In macrophages of intestines, lungs, mesenteric lymph nodes
28
What are the BSL3 fungi?
Histoplasma capsulatum and Coccidioides immitis
29
What areas are endemic to histoplasma capsulatum?
Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi
30
Where in the enviro is histoplasma commonly found?
Dark, moist soil covered in bird dropping (roosts) or bat droppings (caves)
31
How is histoplasmosis transmitted?
Dry, dusty conditions and disturbance of soil | Inhalation
32
Who is infected by histoplasmosis ?
Cat and dog and Hooman
33
What is the 2nd most common systemic fungal infection in cats?
Histoplasmosis
34
Granulomatous chorioretinitis is the most common ocular form of _____________ (fungus) in __________ (species )
Histoplasmosis; cat
35
What disease is caused by histoplasma capsulatum?
Chronic/active respiratory disease Intestinal Granulomatous inflammation
36
T/F: histoplasmosis is contagious from animal to animal
False Usually from environment
37
How do you diagnose coccidioides immitus and histoplasma capsulatum
Microscopic detection Culture (BSL3 ) Serology Antigen detection
38
How do you treat coccidioides immitus and histoplasma capsulatum?
Azole (iraconazole) and Amphoterocin B
39
How do you control histoplasma and coccidioides infections
Reduce airborne spread of droppings/contaminated dust
40
What is the form of coccidioides immitis found in the body?
Large thick walled sphericles containing endospores
41
What is the geographical distribution of coccidiodies immitis?
Southwest US
42
What species are most commonly infected by coccidioides ?
Dog, horse, human
43
What disease is caused by coccidiodies ?
Mild infection Respiratory or disseminated disease Osteomyelitis (most common disseminated form) Granulomatous host response
44
What do you inhale to become infected by coccidioides ?
Arthroconidia
45
A 3-4yr old donkey, has abscesses around its neck, is emaciated, anemic, and has lymphadenopathy. Histology shows spherules containing endospores. What is this?
Coccidioides immitus
46
What shape are Sporothrix schenkii?
Cigar-shaped, elongated, pleomorphic yeast in tissue
47
How does one usually get a Sporothrix schenkii infection?
Fungas lives in moss, hay and in plant material.. Course stemmed, thorny/woody plants -> puncture wound AKA rose gardeners syndrome
48
What disease is caused by sporothrix schnekii
Subcutaneous nodules in skin and regional lymphatic involvement Rare becomes disseminated
49
Sporothrix most commonly infects what hosts?
Cat and horse
50
How do you diagnose Sporothrix ?
Microscopic detection (cigar shaped yeast) Culture
51
How do you treat and control Sporothrix ?
Azole Potassium iodide give orally Avoid mechanical injury from reservoir sources
52
What assay is used for general screening of invasive fungal diseases?
Beta-D glucon assay
53
What serology should be used to detect crytococcus neoformans?
Latex agglutination test | -> detection of capsular polysaccharide antigens in serum or CSF
54
What are saprophytic filamentous fungi?
Zygomycets Hyaline Phaeoid/Dematiaceous fungus
55
T/F: saprophytic filamentous fungi infect healthy, immuno competent animals
False
56
What are the most common diseases caused by saprophytic filamentous fungi?
``` Abortion Pneumonia/airsacculitis Nasal granuloma Guttural pouch Subcutaneous infection Keratitis Disseminated disease ```
57
Aspergillosis is invades the host by?
Damaged tissue | Likes to invade blood vessesl
58
Aspergillus causes what infections in dogs and horse?
Nasal/sinus/guttural pouch (allergic/bronchopulmonary aspergillosis) Keratitis
59
What is a predisposition for guttural pouch mycosis?
Strangles | Staph equi
60
In ruminants aspergillus causes?
Abortion Placentitis -leathery skin lesions
61
German shepherds are predisposed to ___________ form of aspergillus
Disseminated infection Invade blood vessel, pulmonary embolism, symptomatic occlusion of hepatic vein, renal papillary necrosis.
62
Spores produced by aspergillus can lead to abscesses where?
Brain, kidney, and liver
63
What environment do aspergillus live in?
Hot humid
64
Who is usually infected by aspergillus ?
Stressed or immunocompromised animas - concurrent disease - poor diet - prolonged antibiotic therapy - trauma - immunosuppressive therapy - poor husbandry
65
What lesions are formed by aspergillus?
Acute supepurative to Granulomatous Caseous lessons with avian pneumonia (brooder pneumonia) Invasion of blood vessels leads to thrombus formation
66
Leathery skin lesions on a aborted fetus is characteristic of what fungus?
Aspergillus
67
What is mycotic rumenitis?
Fungi invade the rumen | Follows a change of rumenal pH (food changes)
68
Inhalation of spores can lead to what condition in dogs
Mycotic sinusitis
69
What is the main presentation of equine with a guttural pouch emphysema/mycosis
Epitaxis (nose bleed)
70
How do you diagnose aspergillus?
Culture Serology Direct demonstration
71
How do you treat aspergillus
Amphotericin, itraconazole Prolonged treatments Surgical removal of tissue
72
What is prototheca?
Achlorophyllous algae
73
What are the the species of prototheca?
P. Zopfii | P. Wickerhamii
74
What environments can prototheca be found in?
Warm, nutrient rich, aqueous
75
What prototheca causes disseminated disease in dog, mastitis in cattle, and cutaneous disease in cats and hooman?
P. Zopfii
76
What prototheca causes cutaneous diseas in cat and hooman
P. Zopfii | P. Wickerhamii
77
How do you diagnose prototheca?
Microscopic | Culture
78
How do you treat prototheca ?
Surgical excision of focal cutaneous lesion Antimicrobials treatment generally fail P. Wickerhamii is more susceptible (amphoterocin B/tetracycline, Azole)
79
How do you control prototheca?
Avoid stagnant water Not transmissible between hosts
80
What are the water molds?
Oomycetes | Pythium insidiosum and lagenidium spp
81
What disease does oomyctes cause in animals?
Cat and hooman- cutaneous Dog- cutaneous and GI Human- arteritis, keratitis, periorbial cellulitis, cutaneous/subcutaneous lesions
82
P. Insidiosum in called ____________ in horse causing what lesions?
Swamp water/ Kunkers Granulomatous lesions
83
How do you diagnose oomycetes?
Cytology Histopathology Serology Culture
84
Treatment of oomyctes
Unrewarding (poor prognosis) Aggressive surgical resection Usually present late in course Vaccine?
85
White nose syndrome is in what species? What fungi is it?
Bat Pesudogymnoascus destrucans On skin, muzzle, ear, and wings
86
What fungal causes cutaneous disease is amphibians
Chytridomycosis Batrachocytrium dendrobatidis Bad respiration and skin infection
87
What causes nasal polyps and cutaneous cysts in mammals and birds?
Rhinosporidium (not a true fungus)
88
Pneumocystis causes what disease ?
Pneumonia Also in human
89
What are mycotoxins?
Secondary metabolites produced by fungi that are capable of causing disease and death in human and other animals
90
What are the major mycotoxins?
``` Aflatoxin Ergot alkaloids Fumosinin Ochratoxin Zeralenone (corn) ```
91
What causes cutaneous lesions in bottle nose dolphins
Lacazia lobi
92
What microsporidian parasite infects rabbit kidneys and brain
Ecephalitozoon cuniculi

RUSVM Bacteriology (7 decks)

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