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Anaerobic Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Where do anaerobic bacteria live

A

GI tract of mammals

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2
Q

Are gram positive or gram negative anaerobes spore forming?

A

Gram positive -> clostridium spp

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3
Q

What are the anaerobic, gram negative, non-spore forming bacteria?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum
Dichelobacter nodosus
Porphyromonas spp
Prevotella spp

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4
Q

How should you submit your sample if you suspect anaerobic bacteria for culture?

A

In anaerobic conditions .. shame on your cow if you got this wrong

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5
Q

What signs are consistent with anaerobic infection?

A 
Foul smelling discharge 
Gas in tissue/discharge 
Necrotic tissue and abscess 
Pyogranulomatous lesions with sulfur granules 
Infections near/on mucous membranes 
Do not respond to aminoglycosides
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6
Q

What type of bacteria are clostridium sp?

A

Gram positive spore forming anaerobic rods

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7
Q

Where are clostridium sp found

A

Environment (soil)

Large bowel

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8
Q

_____________ toxin from clostridium perfringens is the most lethal toxin and considered a bioterrorism agent

A

Epsilon

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9
Q

What is the virulence and pathogenesis of clostridium?

A

All clostridium produce one or more protein toxin/ extracellular enzymes

Growth requires anaerobic conditions-> necrosis is common predisposing factor

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10
Q

What clostridium sp are neurotoxic

A

C. Botulinum
C. Tetani
C. Perfrignens

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11
Q

What clostridium sp are histotoxic

A

C. Chauvoei
C. Septicum
C. Novyi
C. Perfringens

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12
Q

What clostridium sp is enterotoxic

A

C. Perfringens

C. Difficile

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13
Q

What is the only clostridium sp that is neurotoxic, histotoxic, and enterotoxic?

A

C. Perfringens

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14
Q

___________ causes tetanus in humans and animals

A

Clostridium tetani

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15
Q

Where is C. Tetani found in the environment and where will it grow in the body

A

Soil and feces

Contaminated wounds

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16
Q

Clostridium tetani produces _______________ that will cause spastic paralysis

A

Tetanospasmin (potent neurotoxin)

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17
Q

Who are the hosts of C. Tetani

A

All animals

Horse > human > all other animals

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18
Q

What is the pathophysiology of tetanus?

A

Wound infection -> toxin produced in the wounds -> enters nerves by receptor mediated endocytosis -> retrograde transport along axons of peripheral motor nerves -> spinal cord -> prevents release of NT glycine and GABA

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19
Q

What is ascending tetanus? And who gets it?

A

Toxin travels from regional motor nerve of limb

occurs in susceptible animals (dog and cat)

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20
Q

What is descending tetanus? And who gets this most often?

A

Toxin in the blood steam affecting motor nerve centers in the head and neck first and then spread to the limbs

Humans and horses (more susceptible species)

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21
Q

Diagnosis of C. Tetani

A

History of wounds and clinical signs

Culture is often unrewarding -> Demonstration of toxin in serum or tissue is difficult

Serology

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22
Q

How do you treat C. Tetani infection

A

Antitoxin

Surgical debridement of wounds, hyperbaric oxygen

Supportive care

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23
Q

How is tetanus controlled?

A

Toxoid immunization (human, horse, small ruminant)
Post exposure prophylaxis
Prompt wound management
Aseptic surgical techniques

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24
Q

What determines species affinity of clostridium botulinum ?

A

Toxin type (A-G)

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25
What causes botulism?
Food intoxication (food poisoning) due to consumption of food contaminated with botulinum neurotoxin
26
What is the pathogenesis of C. Botulinum?
Toxin absorbed from the GI tract and distributed in bloodstream Occasional toxico-infectous forms -> inhibits neurotransmitter release (ACh) -> flaccid paralysis
27
Symmetrical flaccid paralysis of muscles - hind limb paralysis and recumbence
Botulism Skeletal muscle paralysis can lead to respiratory failure
28
Type E botulism is where?
Great Lakes- Erie and Huron | -> dead and dying fish eating birds, and dead fish
29
How do you diagnose botulism?
Demonstration of toxin in serum of animal Toxin in food/stomach contents MALDI TOF ELISA
30
How do you treat botulism
Antitoxin (affects unbound toxin only) Therapeutic drugs to enhance cholinergic neurotransmitter (ACh) release Supportive care
31
How do you control botulism?
Toxoid immunization in high risk animals | Avoid feeding suspect foodstuff
32
What are the histotoxic clostridia?
C. Chauvoei C. Septicum C. Novyi C. Hemolyticum C. Sordellii C. Perfringens Produced toxins -> invasive infections -> fatal gas gangrene
33
Pathogenesis of Clostridum chauvoei
Endospore ingested -> lymphatic and blood -> Muscle -> trauma and tissue necrosis create anaerobic conditions -> germination and toxin production Fermentation of muscle glycogen results in gas accumulation (hydrogen/methane) -> necrotizing myosis
34
What disease is caused by clostridium chauvoei?
Black leg
35
What lesions are seen in black leg?
Necrotizing myositis Emphysematous swelling Edematous and crepitant swelling of hip, shoulder, chest, back, and neck Myocardium and diaphragm also can be affected
36
Clostridium novyi Type A causes what disease?
Exogenous gas gangrene | Big head in rams
37
Clostridium novyi Type B cause what disease?
Endogenous Infectious necrotic hepatitis Predisposed by fluke damage
38
C. Hemolyticum causes what disease?
Endogenous infection causing liver damage and bacillary hemoglobinuria in sheep and cattle
39
Malignant edema is also called?
Gas gangrene
40
What causes gas gangrene?
Wound infection by histotoxic clostridium Serous, deep (anaerobic), traumatic wound -> gas formation and toxemia
41
How do you prevent malignant edema?
Surgical treatment of serious wounds to remove necrotic muscle, tissue, and contaminating materials
42
What are risk factors for development of malignant edema?
IM injection Shearing, docking, lambing Traumatic parturition and castration in cattle
43
C. Septicum causes what in sheep?
Braxy | Abomasum edema from endogenous spores
44
How do you diagnose histotoxic clostridium ?
FA Direct gram stain form muscle Anaerobic culture usually not rewarding
45
How do you treat and control necrotic myosistis?
Antimicrobials (penicillin_ -> only effective if given early in infection Routine vaccination of farm animals with bacterin/toxicoids
46
What are the enteropathogenic clostridia?
C perfringens C. difficile C spirforme C colinum
47
How is C perfringens classified
Based on four major toxins (alpha, beta, lots, epsilon) -> biotypes based on this
48
T/F: all C. Perfringens have alpha toxin
T
49
C. Perfringens type C causes ________________ in piglets
Necrotizing enteritis
50
C. Perfringens type D causes __________________ in sheep and goat
Enterotoxemia - >overeating disease - > pulpy kidney disease
51
What disease seen in sheep and goats presents as a fluid-distended intestine with petechial hemorrhage on the serosal surface.
C perfringens type D | Overeating disease
52
Pulpy kidney disease is caused by ______________________ and is characterized by ________
C perfringens type D Rapid post mortem autolysis of the kidney
53
Pig enterotoxemia is caused by ___________ and infects pigs of what age?
Clostridium perfringens type C Piglets in the first few days of life
54
C perfringens causes _________ in multiple species of animals
Necrotizing hemorrhagic enteritis
55
How do you diagnose an enteropathogenic clostridium?
Gram stain Anaerobic culture Toxin detect in stomach contents - serological test
56
How do you treat and control C perfringen infection
Hyperimmune serum Antimicrobial therapy not generally effective for GI disease Immunization - toxoid/bacterins Avoid sudden diet changes that alter flora or damage mucosa
57
What disease is caused by clostridium difficile
Enterocolitis
58
Where is clostridium difficile found and who does it infect?
Colon and cecum ``` Human Horse Pig Cat Dog Rodent Other ```
59
What is dysbiosis?
Aka dysbacteriosis | Microbial imbalance in the body
60
How does disease result from C.dfficile?
Disruption of normal flora (disease or antimicrobial treatment) -> C.difficle proliferates (survives in spores)-> toxin production
61
What are the toxins produced by C.difficile?
ToxA - enterotoxin ToxB- cytotoxin, synergistic with toxA Most produce both toxins- some only produce toxB
62
Diagnosis of C.difficle?
Culture- obligate anaerobes Selective treatment for spore germination Direct toxin detection - tissue assay with Ab neutralizaiotn Toxin antigen detection (ELISA, latex agent- toxA or ToxA/B)
63
How do you treat C.difficile?
Supportive therapy -diarrhea Stop antibiotic if possible Clindamycin should not be used in horse Probiotics Avoid anti-diarrheal Fecal transplant
64
Clostridium spirofome is a commensal bacteria in what species? Disease arises from what?
Rabbits Treatment with licosamides, macrolides, penicillins -> dysbiosis Entertoxemia
65
Rabbit with a history of fluid-distended intestine and explosive diarrhea. On necropsy you see hemorrhage of the serosal surface
C. Spiroforme
66
What causes tyzzers disease. Who is affected by this disease ?
Clostridum piliforme Laboratory animals
67
What is tyzzers disease?
Acute, fatal, diarrheal disease associated with focal liver necrosis
68
What are the gram negative nonspore forming anaerobes
Commensal of mucous membrane ``` Fusobacterium necrophorum Dichelobacter nodosus Bacteroides Porphyromonas spp Prevotella spp ```
69
Non-spore forming bacteria are found in _____________ infections involving breaks of mucosal or epithelium
Mixed bacterial Often chronic infection with extensive purulence or necrosis
70
Fusobacterium necrophorum causes what lesions?
Foot rot -extensive necrosis and keratinocytes Liver abscess Calf diphtheria- necrotic laryngitis
71
Fusobacterium necrophorum is synergistic with what bacteria ?
Trueperella pyogenes and dichelobacter noduosus
72
Fusobacterium if found in what hosts
Ruminants
73
How do you diagnose fusobacterium necrophorum
Anaerobic culture | PCR
74
How do you treat foot rot?
Remove necrotic tissue Dip in antiseptic foot bath Antimicrobials (Aminoglycosides and sulfonamides are not effective )
75
How do you control foot rot?
Keep feet dry and avoid mechanical injury | Vaccine in sheep and cattle
76
Foot rot in cattle is caused by _____________ but in sheep is caused by _________________
Fusobacterium necrophorum Dichelobacter nodosus

RUSVM Bacteriology (7 decks)

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