Goniometry (Toes and Foot)

Question 1

Tarsal (forefoot) inversion, eversion ROM

Answer 1

1. Inversion: 0 – 35º
2. Eversion: 0 – 15º

Question 2

Tarsal (forefoot) inversion, eversion Goniometer Position

Answer 2

1. Line stationary arm with the tibia,
2. moving arm with the second metatarsal

Question 3

Tarsal (forefoot) inversion, eversion Patient Position

Answer 3

1. Position patient in sitting at edge of table with knee at 90º
2. Or place the patient in supine with foot over edge of supporting surface

Question 4

Subtalar (rearfoot) inversion, eversion Patient Positioning

Answer 4

Prone, ankle and foot off supporting surface

Question 5

Subtalar (rearfoot) inversion, eversion Goniometer Position

Answer 5

Line stationary arm with Achilles’ tendon, moving arm with center of heel

Question 6

Subtalar (rearfoot) inversion, eversion ROM

Answer 6

1. Inversion: 0 – 5º
2. Eversion: 0 – 5º

Question 7

MTP flexion, extension Patient Position

Answer 7

Supine or sitting with ankle and foot in 0º of dorsiflexion or plantarflexion

(do not hold other toes down while doing this, can be tension of transverse metatarsal ligament will restrict motion)

Question 8

MTP flexion, extension Goniometer Position

Answer 8

lying sideways on top of the foot,

1. Fulcrum: dorsal aspect of MTP joint
2. Proximal arm: over metatarsal
3. Distal arm: over midline of proximal phalanx

Question 9

MTP flexion, extension ROM

Answer 9

1. Flexion: 0 – 40º
2. Extension: 0 – 70º

Question 10

IP, PIP, DIP – flexion, extension Patient Positioning

Answer 10

1. Supine or sitting with ankle and foot in 0º of dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, and eversion.
2. Position MTP and PIP joints in 0º of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Question 11

IP, PIP, DIP – flexion, extension Goniometer Position (IP & PIP joints)

Answer 11

1. Fulcrum: over dorsal aspect of IP joint,
2. Proximal arm: over dorsal midline of proximal phalanx,
3. Distal arm: over dorsal midline of phalanx distal to joint being tested

Question 12

IP, PIP, DIP – flexion, extension Goniometer Position (DIP joint):

Answer 12

1. Fulcrum over dorsal aspect of distal interphalangeal joint,
2. Proximal Arm: over dorsal midline of middle phalanx,
3. Distal Arm: over dorsal midline of the distal phalanx

Question 13

IP, PIP, DIP – flexion, extension ROM

Answer 13

IP Flexion: 0 – 90º

IP Extension: 0º

PIP Flexion: 0 – 35º

PIP Extension: 0º

DIP Flexion: 0 – 60º

DIP Extension: 0º