Glycosides 2 Flashcards
What are Anthraquinone?
are phenolic compounds with the following general three ring structure (see slide 2 for image )
State how to detect Anthraquinone?
They can be detected by ____________ test which involves addition of ______________ to give _____________colouration to an _____________of the herb
They can be detected by Borntragers test which involves addition of ammonia to give red or pink colouration to an aqueous extract of the herb
List the examples of Anthraquinones compounds
Chrysophanol,
Emodin,
Aloe-emodin,
Emodin-monomethyl ether,
Rhein,Facts about Rhein
Rhein has recently been shown to exhibit ________________ activity through _____________ [protein complex controlling transcription of _______] and ____________ [gene that codes for a ____________] pathways.)
Rhein has recently been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity through NF- кB [protein complex controlling transcription of DNA] and NALP3 [gene that codes for a protein] pathways.)
In terms of the pharmacological activity, glycosides have better potency than the _______________.
In terms of the pharmacological activity, glycosides have better potency than the aglycones.
List plants that contain anthraquinones..
CAS.
Cascara, Senna and Aloes
Senna has been used since the 9th century. Both the___________ and _________ are used. The __________ and _____________ occurring in both are similar.
Senna has been used since the 9th century. Both the leaves and fruit (pods) are used. The aglycones and glycosides occurring in both are similar.
The major purgative compounds of senna are…….
Secondary glycosides (sennosides A and B)
The phenolic group on sennosides makes them acidic or basic?
Acidic
State how the extract of Senna may be assayed…
Extract of senna may be assayed ______________ for the _____________content.
Both the glycoside and free ____________are treated similarly after hydrolysis and calculated as _______________-.
Extract of senna may be assayed spectrophotometrically (UV) for the anthraquinone content.
Both the glycoside and free anthraquinones are treated similarly after hydrolysis and calculated as sennoside B.
State the uses of Senna
For constipation and before investigational procedures or surgery.
Formulated as tablets, granules, or syrup and taken at bedtime.
What is Aloes?
Aloes is the __________ left after evaporating to __________ the liquid that drains from _____________.
The juice collected is either boiled or allowed to concentrate by ___________.
The aloes from the two species varies in ____________, _________, and _______________. This is partly because of the _____________________.
Aloes is the residue left after evaporating to dryness the liquid that drains from the leaves.
The juice collected is either boiled or allowed to concentrate by evaporation.
The aloes from the two species varies in texture, taste, and color. This is partly because of the different methods of preparation used
Reduction of hyperpigmentation by aleosin is _______________.
Aleosin is obtained from ______________.
Reduction of hyperpigmentation by aleosin is dose-dependent.
Aleosin is obtained from A. vera.)
…………… in medieval times was considered to have magical properties against evil
Hypericum perforatum (st.johns wort)
Facts about St John’s Wort (Hypericum)
The infused oil, produced by _______ the herb in olive oil for _________weeks, has a characteristic _________ colour. This is then used internally and externally as ____________ and _____________.
_________is better known for its antidepressant activity (due to _________), but it also contains the _______________
___________ has been found to display antiviral activity against _____ and _____________ after being activated by _________.
The infused oil, produced by steeping the herb in olive oil for 6 weeks, has a characteristic red colour. This is then used internally and externally as anti-inflammatory and antiseptic agent.
H. perforatum is better known for its antidepressant activity (due to hyperforin), but it also contains the anthraquinone hypericin
Hypericin has been found to display antiviral activity against HIV and hepatitis C after being activated by light.
