Flavonoids

Question 1

Flavonoids are synthesized from?

Answer 1

CinnamoylCoA.

Question 2

Flavonoids and related compounds are derivatives of………

Answer 2

1,3-diphenylpropane

Question 3

Flavonoids are classified based on…. and ……

Answer 3

Functional groups and basic structures

Question 4

List the main classes of Flavonoids

f^3 CIA

Answer 4

flavonols
flavones
anthocyanidines
flavanones,
 isoflavanoids
 and chalcones

Question 5

Flavonoids exist as……

Which is more common?

Answer 5

O- and C-glycosides.

with O -glycosides being more common

Question 6

Facts about the colour of Flavonoids

The flavonoids and closely related ___________ tend to be _________ in colour.
The ____________colour increases with the number of ________________ attached to the ________________.

Answer 6

The flavonoids and closely related structures tend to be yellow in colour.
The yellow colour increases with the number of hydroxyl groups attached to the rings

Question 7

What are the colours of Anthocyanidins?

Answer 7

Red, violet or blue in colour.

Question 8

What oligomers of flavonoids contribute to antioxidant activity?

Answer 8

Proanthocyanidins

Question 9

State some activities displayed by flavonoids

6
bohtof

Answer 9

antifungal, antibacterial, oestrogenic, anti-HIV, antioxidant and antitumor activities.

Question 10

Recent report associate …… and ….. with anticancer properties

Answer 10

apigenin and morusin

Question 11

The antioxidant property of flavonoids is related to ………

Answer 11

to these compounds having a number of phenol groups

Question 12

State the flavonoids contained in Dietary vegetables and red wine

Answer 12

Quercetin and kaempferol

Question 13

Flavonoids in dietary vegetables and red wine provide……

Answer 13

protection against cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancers, and reducing the ageing process

Question 14

Rutin (vitamin P) and hesperidin are available as…..

Answer 14

Dietary supplements

Question 15

The main flavonoid in green tea is …….

Answer 15

a gallate derivative of epigallocatechin

Question 16

Naringin is a component of __________has been shown to reduce the absorption of ____________by________ by blocking the ____________________

Answer 16

Naringin is a component of grapefruit juice has been shown to reduce the absorption of fexofenadine by 50% by blocking the uptake transporter system OATP1A2

Question 17

List some drugs Naringin has an effect on

CESC

Answer 17

etoposide, calcium channel blockers, statins, and ciclosporin.

Question 18

How Grapefruit juice interacts with Amiodarone…

Grapefruit juice inhibits the _______________. This is an established interaction, although the clinical consequences are still unclear.
The US and UK manufacturers recommend that grapefruit juice should be avoided when patients are taking ______________-.

Answer 18

Grapefruit juice inhibits the metabolism of oral amiodarone. This is an established interaction, although the clinical consequences are still unclear.
The US and UK manufacturers recommend that grapefruit juice should be avoided when patients are taking oral amiodarone.

Question 19

How Grapefruit juice interacts with CCBs…..

What should patients avoid when taking ccb

Answer 19

Calcium channel blockers Grapefruit juice moderately increases felodipine exposure. This is an established interaction and concurrent use is contraindicated. Patients taking felodipine should not eat whole grapefruit.
Studies suggest that grapefruit juice and calcium-channel blockers other than felodipine and possibly nifedipine can be used concurrently. However, pharmacists should check the diet of any patient who complains of increased or excessive adverse effects with any calcium channel blocker

Question 20

GFJ and Statins…

Answer 20

Statins Grapefruit juice has been shown to increase simvastatin exposure when large amounts are taken at the same time

Question 21

Grapefruit juice is not known to interact with ________, _______ or _____________

Answer 21

Grapefruit juice is not known to interact with fluvastatin, rosuvastatin or pravastatin

Question 22

Should not Simvastatin be taken simultaneously with GFJ?

Answer 22

simvastatin should not be taken simultaneously with grapefruit juice.

The interaction can be minimized, but not eliminated, if simvastatin is taken in the evening (as recommended), and a small quantity of grapefruit juice is consumed at breakfast. However, concurrent use is still not recommended.
Grapefruit juice moderately increases atorvastatin exposure, but the interaction seems less likely to be clinically relevant than that with simvastatin. The UK manufacturer suggests that large quantities of grapefruit juice (more than 1.2 litres daily) are not recommended. In general, the occasional glass of grapefruit juice would not appear to be a problem.

Question 23

Ciclosporin vs GFJ….

Answer 23

Ciclosporin Grapefruit juice can increase ciclosporin exposure. This is an established interaction that is clinically important.

Question 24

Why patients taking ciclosporin should be warned not to drink Grapefruit juice?

Answer 24

because increased ciclosporin concentrations are associated with nephrotoxicity

Question 25

Phytoestrogens resemble what type of hormone?

what are they known for?

Answer 25

the hormone estrogen and are known to produce either weak agonist or anti-oestrogenic activity.

Question 26

A phytoestrogen has some inhibitory action on the aromatase enzyme complex is known as ….

Answer 26

7-Hydroxyflavone

Question 27

The enzyme that is responsible for the biosynthesis of estrogen is known as…..

Answer 27

Aromatase Enzyme

Question 28

State the health benefits of Phytoestrogen in many plant-based foods( soya, flaxseed and hops)

Answer 28

they are considered to have beneficial effects such as prevent cardiovascular disease
Reduce breast and uterine cancers,
and reduce menopausal symptoms.

Question 29

Two herbs that contain isoflavones and are used as herbal remedies (recommended for menopause) are……

Answer 29

soya- Daidzein from soya (Glycine max)

and red clover(Trifolium pratense)

Question 30

Facts about Diadzein found in Soya

Daidzein occurs in both herbs and is metabolized by bacteria (large intestine) to give ____________, known to display oestrogenic activity.
Less than ___________% of women are unable to produce _____________by these means could account for the conflicting evidence. Types of soya food available: _________, ___________, _________, and ____________.

Answer 30

Daidzein occurs in both herbs and is metabolized by bacteria (large intestine) to give equol, known to display oestrogenic activity.
Less than 50% of women are unable to produce equol by these means could account for the conflicting evidence. Types of soya food available: soya milk, powder, beans, and tofu.