Fatty acids Flashcards
Fatty acids/oils are obtained from…….
Seeds and fruits by either cold or hot expression
Facts about fatty acids
Fatty acids are biosynthesised by a variety of _____________ from linking of ________________molecules.
The _________ produced depend on the ______present
__________ is introduced by various ________ enzymes.
Fatty acids are biosynthesised by a variety of fatty acid synthase enzymes from linking of acetyl-coA molecules.
The chain lengths produced depend on the enzymes present
Unsaturation in the carbon chain is introduced by various desaturase enzymes.
Fatty acids occurs as……
Esters
The alcohol component of fatty acids is called?
Glycerol
List examples of oils from seeds(endosperm)
LAC CAL
caster bean, almonds and linseed
State examples of oils from fruits
olive oil and palm oil.
State the pharmaceutical use of fatty acids
Vehicles of _________ (e.g. ______and oil)
________ and ___________ oils are used for suppositories
____________ for coating tablets
__________and ___________may be used as a ________ for IM
injections.
Vehicles of medicaments (e.g. arachis oil and oil)
Palm and Theobroma oils are used for suppositories
Stearic acid for coating tablets
Maize and sesame oils may be used as a base for IM
injections.
Other uses of fatty acids
There is also large use in cosmetics and soaps (___________).
Some are used as food (e.g. ______) or dietary supplements (e.g. ________ and evening ____________).
Other uses are as ________, as __________and in _______and __________
There is also large use in cosmetics and soaps (castor oil).
Some are used as food (e.g. olive oil) or dietary supplements (e.g. cod-liver oil and evening primrose oil).
Other uses are as nutrients, as lubricants and in paints and varnishes
State examples of essential fatty acids and where they are found
γ–linolenic acid in evening primrose oil
α–linolenic acid in linseed oil
List the ways by which oils are evaluated for pharmaceutical use
ASEI
Acid value
Saponification value
Ester value
Iodine value
What is an acid value?
A high acid value indicates ______________.
This is the number of mg of KOH required to neutralise the free acids in 1g of the fat.
A high acid value indicates an inferior sample.
What does saponification value mean?
This is the number of mg of KOH required to neutralise the free acids and the liberated acids after hydrolysis of the fat.
Define Iodine value
Is the number of parts of __________ that is absorbed by____________ of the fat. This gives a measure of _______ in the fat.
Is the number of parts of iodine monochloride that is absorbed by 100 parts by weight of the fat. This gives a measure of unsaturation in the fat.
Define Ester value
This is the number of mg of KOH required to neutralise the acids, which are liberated after hydrolysis.
So, saponification value minus acid value = ester value
State other tests for fatty acids
SARM
Amount of unsaponifiable matter,
melting point,
refractive index
and specific gravity
Omega 3 fatty acids (O3FA) are one of many polyunsaturated fatty acids and are synthesized from
alpha-linolenic acid (essential fatty acid)
Omega 6 fatty acids (O6FA) are derived from……
linoleic acid
List the good sources of alpha-linolenic acid
linseed, rapeseed and flaxseed.
FISH _______are a good source of long-chain __________, especially _________ acid, and ______________ acid
Fish oils are a good source of long-chain omega 3 fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid
Modern diet contains relatively …………
larger amounts of linoleic acid leading to greater amounts of O6FA compared to O3FA.
margarine and bread are being fortified with……
O3FA
The O3FA and O6FA are precursors of _________, such as _________, __________, and _______.
Both types of eicosanoids are able to affect ____________and possibly other benefits
eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes.
Both types of eicosanoids are able to affect inflammation and possibly other benefits
Current information shows that O3FA may have a role in the prevention and management of:
6
Inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, and psoriasis
Diabetes mellitus
Mental conditions such as schizophrenia and depression
Both O6FA to O3FA are part of………
The cell membranes
Facts about O3FA
O3FA accumulate in the brain and nervous tissue of the fetus in the _____________ Hence, are of importance in fetal development and growth.
The O3FA along with others are present in _____________
.
There have been reports of beneficial effects of O3FA in __________________ in children and infants
O3FA accumulate in the brain and nervous tissue of the fetus in the last three months of pregnancy.
Hence, are of importance in fetal development and growth.
The O3FA along with others are present in breast milk
.
There have been reports of beneficial effects of O3FA in cognitive function in children and infants
What is Cod liver oil?
WHAT SPECIES?
This is the oil obtained from the fresh liver of the various species of cod, Gadus spp.
Name the vitamins contained in Cod liver oil
vitamins A and D.
Uses of Cod liver Oil
In the prevention and cure of rickets.
For the relief of pain and muscle stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
A new role for vitamin D in immunity and respiratory health has been revealed, which includes………….
viral and bacterial respiratory infection, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Evening Primerose is obtained from……
from the seeds of the plant Oenothera biennis
and it is used as a dietary supplement
Evening Primerose contains contains about 8 % ____________and 70% _______. Both these are ‘essential fatty acids
contains about 8 % γ–linolenic acid (GLA) and 70% linoleic acid (O6FA’s). Both these are ‘essential fatty acids
What enzyme is known to be blocked in conditions such as diabetes and with excessive alcohol intake?
delta–6-desaturase
The activity of delta–6-desaturase is decreased in individuals suffering from _______________.
The activity of delta–6-desaturase is decreased in individuals suffering from atopic eczema.
Benefits of intake of Evening Primerose Oil
After oral intake of the oil, the increase in the levels of __________ has been claimed to reduce the symptoms of __________, but there have been conflicting results.
Other conditions that have been reported to benefit from intake of evening primrose oil are __________ and ______________.
After oral intake of the oil, the increase in the levels of PGE1 has been claimed to reduce the symptoms of eczema, but there have been conflicting results.
Other conditions that have been reported to benefit from intake of evening primrose oil are premenstrual syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis.
GLA is not widely occurring in large amounts except ______________ (about 25% GLA), ___________ and ____________(8%).
e.g. Borage (starflower) (about 25% GLA), black currant and human milk (8%).
GLA and linoleic acid are important precursors to the formation of potent compounds such as ________, ___________and______________. These regulate specific body functions
precursors to the formation of potent compounds such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. These regulate specific body functions
