Fatty acids

Question 1

Fatty acids/oils are obtained from…….

Answer 1

Seeds and fruits by either cold or hot expression

Question 2

Facts about fatty acids

Fatty acids are biosynthesised by a variety of _____________ from linking of ________________molecules.

The _________ produced depend on the ______present

__________ is introduced by various ________ enzymes.

Answer 2

Fatty acids are biosynthesised by a variety of fatty acid synthase enzymes from linking of acetyl-coA molecules.

The chain lengths produced depend on the enzymes present

Unsaturation in the carbon chain is introduced by various desaturase enzymes.

Question 3

Fatty acids occurs as……

Answer 3

Esters

Question 4

The alcohol component of fatty acids is called?

Answer 4

Glycerol

Question 5

List examples of oils from seeds(endosperm)

LAC CAL

Answer 5

caster bean, almonds and linseed

Question 6

State examples of oils from fruits

Answer 6

olive oil and palm oil.

Question 7

State the pharmaceutical use of fatty acids

Vehicles of _________ (e.g. ______and oil)

________ and ___________ oils are used for suppositories

____________ for coating tablets

__________and ___________may be used as a ________ for IM
injections.

Answer 7

Vehicles of medicaments (e.g. arachis oil and oil)

Palm and Theobroma oils are used for suppositories

Stearic acid for coating tablets

Maize and sesame oils may be used as a base for IM
injections.

Question 8

Other uses of fatty acids

There is also large use in cosmetics and soaps (___________).

Some are used as food (e.g. ______) or dietary supplements (e.g. ________ and evening ____________).

Other uses are as ________, as __________and in _______and __________

Answer 8

There is also large use in cosmetics and soaps (castor oil).

Some are used as food (e.g. olive oil) or dietary supplements (e.g. cod-liver oil and evening primrose oil).

Other uses are as nutrients, as lubricants and in paints and varnishes

Question 9

State examples of essential fatty acids and where they are found

Answer 9

γ–linolenic acid in evening primrose oil

α–linolenic acid in linseed oil

Question 10

List the ways by which oils are evaluated for pharmaceutical use

ASEI

Answer 10

Acid value
Saponification value
Ester value
Iodine value

Question 11

What is an acid value?

A high acid value indicates ______________.

Answer 11

This is the number of mg of KOH required to neutralise the free acids in 1g of the fat.
A high acid value indicates an inferior sample.

Question 12

What does saponification value mean?

Answer 12

This is the number of mg of KOH required to neutralise the free acids and the liberated acids after hydrolysis of the fat.

Question 13

Define Iodine value

Is the number of parts of __________ that is absorbed by____________ of the fat. This gives a measure of _______ in the fat.

Answer 13

Is the number of parts of iodine monochloride that is absorbed by 100 parts by weight of the fat. This gives a measure of unsaturation in the fat.

Question 14

Define Ester value

Answer 14

This is the number of mg of KOH required to neutralise the acids, which are liberated after hydrolysis.

So, saponification value minus acid value = ester value

Question 15

State other tests for fatty acids

SARM

Answer 15

Amount of unsaponifiable matter,
melting point,
refractive index
and specific gravity

Question 16

Omega 3 fatty acids (O3FA) are one of many polyunsaturated fatty acids and are synthesized from

Answer 16

alpha-linolenic acid (essential fatty acid)

Question 17

Omega 6 fatty acids (O6FA) are derived from……

Answer 17

linoleic acid

Question 18

List the good sources of alpha-linolenic acid

Answer 18

linseed, rapeseed and flaxseed.

Question 19

FISH _______are a good source of long-chain __________, especially _________ acid, and ______________ acid

Answer 19

Fish oils are a good source of long-chain omega 3 fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid

Question 20

Modern diet contains relatively …………

Answer 20

larger amounts of linoleic acid leading to greater amounts of O6FA compared to O3FA.

Question 21

margarine and bread are being fortified with……

Answer 21

O3FA

Question 22

The O3FA and O6FA are precursors of _________, such as _________, __________, and _______.
Both types of eicosanoids are able to affect ____________and possibly other benefits

Answer 22

eicosanoids, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes.
Both types of eicosanoids are able to affect inflammation and possibly other benefits

Question 23

Current information shows that O3FA may have a role in the prevention and management of:

6

Answer 23

Inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, and psoriasis
Diabetes mellitus
Mental conditions such as schizophrenia and depression

Question 24

Both O6FA to O3FA are part of………

Answer 24

The cell membranes

Question 25

Facts about O3FA

O3FA accumulate in the brain and nervous tissue of the fetus in the _____________ Hence, are of importance in fetal development and growth.

The O3FA along with others are present in _____________
.
There have been reports of beneficial effects of O3FA in __________________ in children and infants

Answer 25

O3FA accumulate in the brain and nervous tissue of the fetus in the last three months of pregnancy.
Hence, are of importance in fetal development and growth.

The O3FA along with others are present in breast milk
.
There have been reports of beneficial effects of O3FA in cognitive function in children and infants

Question 26

What is Cod liver oil?

WHAT SPECIES?

Answer 26

This is the oil obtained from the fresh liver of the various species of cod, Gadus spp.

Question 27

Name the vitamins contained in Cod liver oil

Answer 27

vitamins A and D.

Question 28

Uses of Cod liver Oil

Answer 28

In the prevention and cure of rickets.

For the relief of pain and muscle stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Question 29

A new role for vitamin D in immunity and respiratory health has been revealed, which includes………….

Answer 29

viral and bacterial respiratory infection, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Question 30

Evening Primerose is obtained from……

Answer 30

from the seeds of the plant Oenothera biennis

and it is used as a dietary supplement

Question 31

Evening Primerose contains contains about 8 % ____________and 70% _______. Both these are ‘essential fatty acids

Answer 31

contains about 8 % γ–linolenic acid (GLA) and 70% linoleic acid (O6FA’s). Both these are ‘essential fatty acids

Question 32

What enzyme is known to be blocked in conditions such as diabetes and with excessive alcohol intake?

Answer 32

delta–6-desaturase

Question 33

The activity of delta–6-desaturase is decreased in individuals suffering from _______________.

Answer 33

The activity of delta–6-desaturase is decreased in individuals suffering from atopic eczema.

Question 34

Benefits of intake of Evening Primerose Oil

After oral intake of the oil, the increase in the levels of __________ has been claimed to reduce the symptoms of __________, but there have been conflicting results.

Other conditions that have been reported to benefit from intake of evening primrose oil are __________ and ______________.

Answer 34

After oral intake of the oil, the increase in the levels of PGE1 has been claimed to reduce the symptoms of eczema, but there have been conflicting results.

Other conditions that have been reported to benefit from intake of evening primrose oil are premenstrual syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 35

GLA is not widely occurring in large amounts except ______________ (about 25% GLA), ___________ and ____________(8%).

Answer 35

e.g. Borage (starflower) (about 25% GLA), black currant and human milk (8%).

Question 36

GLA and linoleic acid are important precursors to the formation of potent compounds such as ________, ___________and______________. These regulate specific body functions

Answer 36

precursors to the formation of potent compounds such as prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes. These regulate specific body functions