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MCP > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose to Glucose 6 Phosphate by ____

A

hexokinase

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2
Q

hexokinase ___ glucose —> G6P

A

phopshorylates

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3
Q

hexokinase is not present in the ___

A

liver, there is glucokinase

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4
Q

what happens wtih G6P?

A

there is no transporter for G6P so it is stuck at the cell

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5
Q

γ-Phosphoryl of ATP is transferred to the ___ of Glu by Hexokinase

A

C6 hydroxyl

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6
Q

when does the liver export glucose?

A

when glucose is low

this is why the liver has a less aggressive heokinase (glucokinase)

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7
Q

difference between affinity of glucokinase compared to heoxkinase?

A

Liver Glucokinase has an affinity for Glu that’s 500-fold weaker than that of Hexokinase

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8
Q

G6P enters glycolysis?

A

when the cell needs energy

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9
Q

G6P is converted to F6P by

A

phopshoglucose isomerase

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10
Q

action of phopshoglucose isomerase on G6P

A

PGI isomerizes an aldose to a ketose

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11
Q

after phopshorylation at the C1 hydroxyl group what is produced? why?

A

two equal 3 carbon fragments

due to PGI setting the stage for an aldol cleavage between C3/C4 (requires a carbonyl at C2)

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12
Q

phopshofructokinase transfers a γ-phosphoryl of ATP to the ___ of F6P to make it F1,6 BP

A

C1 hydroxy

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13
Q

fructose 6-phopshate is converted into F 1,6 BP by

A

phosphofructokinase

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14
Q

___ plays a central role in the regulation of Glycolysis

A

phopshofructokinase

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15
Q

what cleaves fructose 1,6, biphosphate

A

aldose

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16
Q

products?

A
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17
Q

what is dihydroxyacetone converted to?

A

GAP, the other product of the cleavage of f 16 BP

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18
Q

differene between DHAP and GAP?

A

DHAP is a KETOSE

GAP is an ALDOSE

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19
Q

what converts DHAP to GAP?

A

tripose-P-isomerase

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20
Q

GAP and DHAP are both

A

trioses

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21
Q

GAP gets ____ to be converted to 1,3-BPG by GAP dehydrogenase?

A

oxidized and phosphorylated

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22
Q

____ converts GAP to 1,3 BPG

A

GAP dehydrogenase

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23
Q

first step in glycolysis where you MAKE atp?

A
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24
Q

1,3 PBG is converted to 3PG by

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

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25
Q

how many ATPs does this rxn produce?

A

2

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26
Q

this is an example of ___

A

substrate level phopshorylation

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27
Q

Phosphoglycerate Mutase moves the phosphoryl of 3PG to the ____ to get ____.

A

C2 hydroxyl to give 2PG

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28
Q

___converts 3PG to 2PG

A

Phosphoglycerate Mutase

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29
Q

2PG is converted to PEP by

A

enolase

30
Q

mechanism of conversion of 2PG by enolase to PEP

A

2PG is dehydrated

31
Q

two examples of substrate level phopsphorylation

A
  1. 1,3-BPG to 3PG

2, **PEP to pyruvate **

32
Q

describe the steps from GAP ————-> pyruvate

A
33
Q

how many ATP are made from GLucose to Pyruvate?

A

4 ATP

34
Q

what is the NET agian of ATP from glucose to two pyruvate

A

net gain of 2

35
Q

what is the net gain of NADH from glucose to two pyruvate?

A

2 NADH

36
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is reduced by glycolytic NADH to ___

A

give lactate

37
Q

Under aerobic conditions, glycolytic NADH is ____ and pyruvate enters the CAC

A

indirectly oxidized by oxidative phosphorylation

38
Q

enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

39
Q

when pyruvate is being converted to lactate, the __ carbon of pyruvate get a hydride transer with a pronation of the hydroxyl rgroup

A

C2 carbon

40
Q

galactose is converted to ___ to enter glycolysis

A

G6P

41
Q

___ and ____ are converted to F6P to enter glycolysis

A

mannose and fructose

42
Q

fructose is converted to ___ in the liver to enter glycolysis

A

GAP

43
Q

order in which frucotse, galactose, and mannose enter the glycolsis pathway

A
44
Q

what converts fructose to F6P in tissues other than the liver?

A

hexokinase

45
Q

what converts fructose to 2GAP in the liver?

A
  1. Fructokinase
  2. F1P Aldolase
  3. Glyceraldehyde Kinase
  4. Trios-P Isomerase
46
Q

Deficiencies in ___ cause liver damage and hypoglycemia

A

F1P Aldolase

47
Q

Deficiencies in F1P Aldolase cause ___ and ___

A

liver damage and hypoglycemia

48
Q

enzymes invovled in the conversion of mannose to F6P?

A
  1. hexokinase
  2. phopsomannose isommerase
49
Q

enzymes invovled in teh converstion of galactose to G6p?

A
  1. Galactokinase
  2. a UMP Transferase
  3. an Epimerase
  4. Phosphoglucomutase
50
Q

• A deficiency in ____ results in Galactitol formation which causes cataracts

A

Galactokinase

51
Q

A deficiency in Galactokinase results in Galactitol formation which causes___

A

cataracts

52
Q

A deficiency in the UMP transferase causes ____ (2)

A

mental retardation and liver failure

53
Q

A deficiency in the _____ causes mental retardation and liver failure

A

UMP transferase

54
Q

when second galactose
comes along,
the first is converted to ___

A

G1P

55
Q

first step in breakdown of glycogen

A

glycogen phosphorylase

produces G1P

56
Q

first step in conversion of G1P to glycogen?

A

UTP is added to G1P to pshoprylate it to become UDP-glucose

57
Q

The phosphoryl of G1P condenses with the ____ of UTP to give UDP-Glu + PPi

A

α-phosphoryl

58
Q

what is needed to pull the G1P to UDP-glucose reaction to completion?

A

pyrophosphatase cleaves PPi to 2Pi

59
Q

The C4 hydroxyl of the Glu unit at the end of a Glycogen chain condenses with the___ carbon of UDP-Glu

A

C1

60
Q

enzyme invovled in conversion of UDP-glucose to glycogen?

A

glucose synthase

61
Q

from the a(1,4) terminal chains of glycogen

brnaching enzyme removes a 7 residue grafment from chaisn of at least ___ residues

A

11 (needs 4 left over)

62
Q

branching enzymes converts from the a(1,4) terminal chains of glycogen to a ___ chain of glycogen

A

a(1-6) glycogen chain

this introduces a branch, so now have 3 branches instead of 2

63
Q

Glycogen polymers may contain up to___ Glu units each

A

120,000

64
Q

Glycogen polymers contribute up to ___ of the rotal mass of 10% of th eottal mass of the liver

A

10 percent

65
Q

When Glu is needed, Phosphorylase breaks the glycosidic bond at the end of a Glycogen chain by addition of

A

a phosphate to give G1P

66
Q

how long can glucose be removed from glycogen?

A

until terminal glucose on the chain is within 4 residues of a branch point where steric hinderance prevents further digestion by Phosphorylase

67
Q

• Debranching enzyme transfers a ____ from the stub to the C4 hydroxyl at the end of another branch

A

trisaccharide

68
Q

two functions of debranching enzyme?

A
  1. transfers a trisaccharide froms tub of c4 gtdroxyl at the end of another branch
  2. also cleaves the reamin a,16 glu by hydrolysis
69
Q

difference betw Phsophoglucomutase in conversion of G1P to G6P and Phosphoglycerate Mutase in conversion of 3PG to 2PG?

A

Ser-P intermediate instead of His-P in Phsophylycomutase

70
Q

cost of temproailry storing glu in glycogen in muscle/liver

from g6p -> glycogen -> g6p

A

MCP (16 decks)

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