glycolysis Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the difference between anabolic and catabolic?

A

anabolic - making molecules (endergonic - requiring energy)
catabolic - breaking molecules (exergonic - releasing energy)

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2
Q

what is oxidation and reduction?

A

oxidation - removing electrons
reduction - adding electrons

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3
Q

what are coenzymes?

A

organics that bind to enzymes

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4
Q

what is the role of NAD and FAD

A

accept electrons during breakdown of organics (reduction) to become NADH and FADH2 (which donate electrons to other reactions)

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5
Q

why is glucose important?

A

its oxidation is highly exergonic and many polysaccharides break into glucose

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6
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

metabolic pathway that oxidizes glucose into (2) pyruvate molecules - split into three phases

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7
Q

what is phase one of glycolysis?

A

preparation and cleavage - six carbon glucose molecule is phosphorylated twice by ATP and split into two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

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8
Q

what is phase two of glycolysis?

A

oxidation and ATP generation - each G3P is oxidized into 3-phosphoglycerate, creating one ATP and one NADH each

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9
Q

what is phase three of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate formation and ATP generation - each 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into pyruvate, creating one more ATP each

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10
Q

how many steps are there in glycolysis?

A

ten

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11
Q

what is the chemical reaction formula of glycolysis?

A

glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

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12
Q

what are the three monosaccharides that disaccharides can be broken into?

A

glucose, galactose, and fructose

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13
Q

what happens to fructose and galactose in glycolysis?

A

they are converted into glycolysis intermediates

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14
Q

what role does pyruvate have in metabolism?

A

it is the branchpoint between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism (if high [O2], PHD takes pyruvate, if low [O2], LDH makes lactate

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15
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

in the cytoplasm of the cell

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16
Q

what transports pyruvate?

A

mitochondrial pyruvate carrier moves pyruvate to the mitochondria for TCA cycle

17
Q

what happens to pyruvate after glycolysis?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase converts it into Acetyl-CoA (removes a carbon and converts NAD+ to NADH)

18
Q

what are dehydrogenases?

A

enzymes that remove a pair of hydrogen atoms (oxidizing) from a substrate

19
Q

what does the TCA cycle produce?

A

CO2, ATP, FADH2, NADH

20
Q

what is the chemical formula of the TCA cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA -> 3 NADH + FADH2 + ATP + 2CO2

21
Q

what happens if there are excess amino acids (or if body is starving/desperate) in the TCA cycle?

A

amino acids will be converted into TCA cycle metabolites