Gluteal Region and Thigh Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boarders the gluteal region

A

Superiorly by iliac crest and inferiorly by the fold of the buttock.

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2
Q

What are the three gluteal muscles

A

Gluteus maximus, medius and minimus. These are external rotators of the thigh..

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3
Q

Describe the features of the gluteus maximus

A

It is the prime extensor of the hip, used when standing from sitting and climbing stairs. It is used in external rotation, abducts and adducts. Some fibres insert on the iliotibial tract and therefore extends and locks the knee via iliotibial tract.

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4
Q

Describe some of the features of gluteus medius and gluteus minimis

A

Gluteus medius lies deep to maximus, and minimus lies deep to medius. These are the abductors of the hip.

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5
Q

What other muscle also aids in hip abduction

A

Tensor fascia latae

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6
Q

What is the role of the abductors

A

They keep the pelvis level when walking. Contraction of the muscles prevent drop.

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7
Q

What are the lateral rotators of the hip and name them

A

They are a group of muscles that pass from the pelvis to the femur, lying close to and posterior to the hip joint. These muscles are piriformis, superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, quadrator femoris and obturator externus

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8
Q

What are the origins and insertions for the gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus - posterior gluteal surface of ilium and inserts on iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity.
Gluteus Medius - gluteal surface of ilium, inserts on later surface of greater trochanter
Gluteus minimus - Ilium and inserts on anterior side of greater trochanter
Tensor fascia latae - ASIS to lateral condyle of tibia via iliotibial tract

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9
Q

All gluteal muscles are supplied by whar?

A

Superior gluteal nerve, except gluteus maximus which is supplied by inferior gluteal nerve

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10
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve originate from and therefore where should intramuscular injection be preformed

A
  • SN emerges into gluteal region inferior to piriformis. So the safe ares for intramuscular injections is the upper outer quadrant.
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11
Q

What are the flexors of the thigh

A
  • Muscles passing anterior to hip joint. These are Psoas major and illiacus which are collectively known as iliopsoas which are the most powerful flexor. Also Sartorius and Rectus femoris which also act upon the knee joint
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12
Q

How do illiacus and Psoas major pass into the thigh?

A

Through the retro-inguinal space into the femoral region where the fascia of psoas divides the space into muscular and vascular compartments. Illiacus and the femoral nerve enter the muscular compartment.

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13
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the flexor muscles of the thigh?

A

Illiacus - Illiac fosa, inserts on lesser trochanter
Psoas Major - Posterior abdo wall, inserts of lesser trochanter
Rectus femorus - Straight head from AIIS and reflected head from ilium, inserts on base of patella via common quadricepts femoris tendon
Satorius - ASIS, inserts on medial surface of medial tibial condyle
Pectineus - Superior ramus of pubis, inserts on pectineal line of femur.

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14
Q

What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh (extensors of the thigh) their action and what they are supplied by

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembraneous (hamstrings). Their action is to extend the hip but also flex the leg. They are supplied by the sciatic nerve, except short head of biceps

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15
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the extensors of the thigh

A

Biceps femoris - ischial tuberosity and lateral lip of linea aspera, inserts onto head of fibula
Semitendionsus - ischial tuberosity, inserts onto medial surface of medial tibial condyle
Semimembraneous - Ischial tubercosity to medial condyle of tibia

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16
Q

What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

A

Adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis and gracilis. All preform adduction and are all supplied by obturator nerve

17
Q

What are the main extensors of the knee

A

Quadricepts femoris which is a group of muscles made up of; Rectus femoris, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis and Vastuc lateralis

18
Q

What is the stability if the knee joint dependant on/

A

The tone of quadriceps

19
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the extensors of the knee

A

Rectus femoris - AIIS to tuberosity of tibia via patella ligament
Vastus medialis - intertrochanter line of femur and inserts on tuberosity of tiba
Vastus lateralis - Linea aspera/greater trochanter, inserts onto tuberosity of tiba.
Vastus intermedius - anterior shaft femur to tuberosity of tibia

20
Q

What is the Pes Anserinus

A

It is the common site of attachement for sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus on the tibia. It also adds stability to the medial side of the knee

21
Q

Describe the features of the patella ligament reflex

A

Deep tendon reflex which is elicited by tapping the patellar ligament. It tests the femoral ligament and spinal segments L3 and L4

22
Q

What are the boarders of the femoral triangle

A

Inguinal ligament (base) the sartorius muscle laterally, the adductor longus medially, pectineus (medial floor) and illiopsoas (lateral floor), roof is fascia lata

23
Q

What is the femoral canal?

A

A short conical space between the medial wall of femoral sheath and the femoral vein.

24
Q

What is contained in the femoral canal and what are some features of it.

A

Deep inguinal lymph nodes found in canal. It allows the femoral vein to expand. Femoral ring at base of canal is a weak area, can lead to femoral hernia.

25
Q

What are the boarders of the femoral ring?

A

Anteriorly - medial part of inguinal ligament
Medially - Lacunar ligament
Laterally - septum between femoral canal and vein
Posteriorly - pectineus muscle and fascia

26
Q

What are the features of femoral hernia’s

A

There is a protrusion of abdominal viscera through the femoral ring into the canal. If untreated this viscera can undergo necrosis.

27
Q

What is the adductor canal? what runs through it?

A

(Hunter’s or subsartorial canal) It starts at inferior cornor of femoral triangle and ends at adductor hiatus. The femoral vessels and saphenous nerve and nerve to vastus medialis enter.

28
Q

What are the boarders of the adductor canal?

A

Anterolateral - Vastus medialis
Posteriorly - Adductor longus and adductor magnus.
Anteromedially - sartorius

29
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the adductor magnus?

A

Adductor part - Inferior rami of pubis and ischium to linea aspara
Hamstring part - Ischial tuberosity to adductor tubercle and medial supracondylar line of femur

30
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the adductor longus?

A

Pubis to linea aspera

31
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the adductor brevis

A

Body of pubish and inferior pubic rami to linea aspera

32
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the Gracilis

A

Inferior rami of pubis and pubis to medial surface of tibia