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Systems Physiology > Glucose Homeostasis > Flashcards

Glucose Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are normal blood glucose levels?

A

About 80-110mg / 100ml

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3
Q

Which hormones are released in response to hypoglycemia

A

Glucagon, growth hormone, somatomedin C, epinephrine, and cortisol

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4
Q

Alpha cells in pancreas release which hormone in response to hypoglycemia? Where is it sent?

A

Glucagon to liver and adipose

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5
Q

What is the effect of glucagon sent by alpha cells pancreas on the liver?

A

Pathways are increased:
* Glycogenolysis
* Gluconeogenesis
* Beta oxidation of fats termed Ketogenesis

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6
Q

The hypothalamus releases growth hormone and somatomedin C in response to what?

A

Hypoglycemia plus exercise or sleep

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7
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus release in response to hypoglycemia? Where are they sent?

A

Growth hormone to the liver
Somatomedin C to muscle

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8
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone on the liver when it is sent by the hypothalamus?

A

Increases insulin like growth factor 1 aka somatomedin C

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9
Q

What is the effect of somatomedin FC on muscle when it is sent from the hypothalamus?

A

Increases:
* Amino acid uptake
* Protein synthesis
* Fat utilization
Decreases:
* Protein breakdown
* Carbohydrate utilization

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10
Q

The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine in response to what?

A

Hypoglycemia plus acute stress

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11
Q

Where does the adrenal medulla send epinephrine?

A

Liver, adipose, and muscle

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12
Q

What hormone is released by the adrenal medulla in response to hypoglycemia plus acute stress?

A

Epinephrine

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13
Q

What is the effect of epinephrine in the liver?

A

Increases pathways:
* Glycogenolysis
* Gluconeogenesis
* Beta oxidation of fats termed Ketogenesis

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14
Q

What is the effect of epinephrine in muscle?

A

Increases pathways:
* Glycogenolysis
* Kreb’s cycle
* Beta oxidation of fats termed Ketogenesis

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15
Q

What is the effect of epinephrine in adipose?

A

Increases lipolysis

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16
Q

What causes the adrenal cortex to release cortisol?

A

Chronic stress; does not need hypoglycemia to release

17
Q

Where does the adrenal cortex send cortisol?

A

Liver, adipose, and muscle

18
Q

What is the effect of cortisol in the liver?

A

Increases pathways:
* Glycogenolysis
* Gluconeogenesis
* Beta oxidation of fats termed Ketogenesis

19
Q

What is the effect of cortisol in adipose?

A

Increases lipolysis

20
Q

What is the effect of cortisol in muscle?

A

Blocks Glut 4 transporter

21
Q

If the liver, adipose, or muscle receives cortisol, where did it come from?

A

The adrenal cortex

22
Q

Hyperglycemia causes the release of which hormones?

A

Insulin and somatostatin

23
Q

What cells/tissues respond to hyperglycemia?

A

Beta and delta cells of pancreas

24
Q

Which cells release insulin in response to hyperglycemia?

A

Beta cells of pancreas

25
Q

Which cells release somatostatin in response to hyperglycemia?

A

Delta cells of pancreas

26
Q

In response to hyperglycemia, where will beta cells of pancreas release insulin to?

A

Liver, adipose, and muscle

27
Q

In response to hyperglycemia, where will delta cells of pancreas release somatostatin to?

A

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

28
Q

What is the effect of insulin on the liver?

A

Increases pathways:
* Glycogenesis
* Glycolysis
* Triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis
* Cholesterol synthesis

29
Q

What is the effect of insulin on adipose?

A
  • Glut 4 glucose enters
  • TAG storage
30
Q

What is the effect of insulin on muscle?

A

Increases pathways:
* Glut 4 glucose enters
* Glycogenesis
* Glycolysis
* Kreb’s cycle
* Electron Transport

31
Q

What is the effect of somatostatin on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

A

Decreases release of GHRH and growth hormone

Systems Physiology (11 decks)

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