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Systems Physiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the types of signaling?

A

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, neuroendocrine

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3
Q

Describe paracrine signaling

A

Secretion by cells impacting only neighboring cells

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4
Q

Describe endocrine signaling

A

Secretion by glands into capillary with target organ far away

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5
Q

Describe neuroendocrine signaling

A

Secretion by nerves into capillary with target organ reached by blood

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6
Q

What are steroids made from?

A

Cholesterol

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7
Q

Are steroids water or lipid soluble?

A

Lipid soluble

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8
Q

Where do steroids bind to?

A

Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors

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9
Q

Are thyroid hormones (thyroxine T4, triiodothyronine T3) water or lipid soluble?

A

Lipid soluble

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10
Q

Fat soluble hormones bind to… and lead to…

A

…bind to either a cytoplasmic or a nuclear receptor, and lead to transcription and long term effects

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11
Q

How do steroids and thyroid hormones travel through the blood?

A

Bound to binding proteins

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12
Q

Where/when do steroids and thyroid hormones have different impacts?

A

Different impact in different tissues
Different impact in childhood vs adulthood

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13
Q

Where is androstenodione converted to testosterone?

A

Testes, ovaries, liver

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14
Q

Where is testosterone converted to estradiol and what enzyme does so?

A

Ovaries, liver, fatty tissue (breast)
Enzyme: aromatase

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15
Q

Name two androgens

A

DHEA and androstenodione

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16
Q

Which steroid hormone can be directly derived from cholesterol?

A

Vitamin D

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17
Q

What reactions happen in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland?

A

Cholesterol –> pregnenolone –> progesterone –> aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)

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18
Q

What reactions happen in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland?

A

progesterone (from zona glomerulosa) –> cortisol (glucocorticoid)

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19
Q

Where will Vitamin D be in the adrenal gland after derived from cholesterol?

A

Zona reticularis

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20
Q

Which steroid hormone is synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

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21
Q

Pregnenolone gives rise to what in the zona glomerulosa, and what in the zona reticularis of the adrenal gland?

A

In the zona glomerulosa, aldosterone
In the zona reticularis, DHEA

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22
Q

What does progesterone give rise to and where in the adrenal gland are these products?

A

Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) in zona glomerulosa
Cortisol (glucocorticoid) in zona fasciculata
Androstenodione in zona reticularis

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23
Q

Describe the reactions beginning with DHEA and ending with estradiol

A

DHEA –> androstenodione –> testosterone –> estradiol

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24
Q

Describe peptides

A

Contain amino acids or amino acid derivatives and bind to cell surface receptors and work through G reactive type proteins

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25
Q

Does thyroxine act like a steroid or peptide?

A

Steroid

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26
Q

The majority of hypothalamic-pituitary hormones are…

A

peptides

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27
Q

Peptides have… and work by…

A

Peptides have cell surface receptors and wwork by intercellular signaling
Note: not thyroxine

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28
Q

High sodium in blood may be due to what?

A

High aldosterone or diet

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29
Q

What does high sodium in the blood cause?

A

Signals for the supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus to make ADH (vasopressin)

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30
Q

Vasopressin from the hypothalamus travels where?

A

Down the stalk of the pituitary and is released from posterior pituitary

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31
Q

ADH travels from the posterior pituitary to where?

A

Late distal convuluted tubule and cortical region of the collecting duct (kidney)

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32
Q

In the kidney, what will ADH do? What does this allow?

A

ADH inserts aquaporin in the membrane which allows water to leave the tubule and absorb into the blood

33
Q

Water increase in blood with high sodium will have what effect?

A

Water dilutes out the sodium and negative feedback stops the release of ADH

34
Q

What type of feedback is involved in the release of ADH?

A

Negative feedback

35
Q

What effect does ADH have on blood vessels?

A

Constricts blood vessels

36
Q

How does vasopressin (ADH) differ in structure from oxytocin?

A

Only 2 amino acids

37
Q

What will childbirth or mechanical suckling cause?

A

The paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus will make oxytocin, which travels down the stalk and is released from the posterior pituitary

38
Q

Which structure of the hypothalamus makes oxytocin?

A

Paraventricular nuclei

39
Q

Which structure of the hypothalamus makes ADH (vasopressin)?

A

Supraoptic nuclei

40
Q

When oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary, what are some results?

A

The uterus contracts and results in childbirth
Also, myoepithelial cells of the breast will let milk down

41
Q

Following pregnancy and birth, what will a localized drop in dopamine in the hypothalamus signal?

A

Signals anterior pituitary to produce prolactin

42
Q

What effect does prolactin have on women following pregnancy and birth?

A

Prolactin targets breast to make milk

43
Q

What is the releasing hormone of prolactin?

A

Prolactin does not have a releasing hormone

44
Q

What does high blood sugar cause?
What type of feedback is this?

A

Hypothalamus and delta cells of pancreas make somatostatin (which turns off GHRH, GH, and TSH)
Negative feedback

45
Q

What hormones does somatostatin turn off?

A

GHRH, GH, and TSH

46
Q

What hormones does somatomedin C turn off?

A

GHRH and GH

47
Q

What will turn off growth hormone releasing hormone?

A

Growth hormone

48
Q

Sleep or exercise causes:

A

hypoglycemia

49
Q

Hypoglycemia causes the hypothalamus to release…

A

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

50
Q

Where will the hypothalamus send GHRH to in response to hypoglycemia?

A

Anterior pituitary

51
Q

When the anterior pituitary receives GHRH from the hypothalamus, what does it release and to where?

A

Growth hormone to the liver, bone, and cartilage

52
Q

When the liver receives GH from the anterior pituitary, what does it release and to where?

A

Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF 1) aka somatomedin C to muscle, bone, and cartilage

53
Q

What effects does somatomedin C have on muscles?

A

Increases: amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, fat utilization
Decreases: protein breakdown, carbohydrate utilization

54
Q

What effects does GH from anterior pituitary and somatomedin C from the liver have on bones and cartilage?

A

Increases osteoblast bone growth and chondroblast cartilage growth

55
Q

In reaction to cold, what will the hypothalamus release and where to?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) to anterior pituitary

56
Q

When the anterior pituitary receives TRH from the hypothalamus, what does it release and where to?

A

Thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH) to the thyroid

57
Q

What are the thyroid hormones?

A

97% T4 and 3% T3

58
Q

Which thyroid hormone is active?

A

T3

59
Q

In the liver, what does the bile dependent deiodinase enzyme do?

A

Converts T4 to T3

60
Q

What kind of feedback does T4 have on TSH?

A

Negative feedback

61
Q

T3 is fat soluble and has a nuclear receptor, which increases… which increases…

A

…increases gene transcription which increase number and size of mitochondria

62
Q

An increase in the number and size of mitochondria will…

A

increase BMR and temperature

63
Q

Increasing BMR and temperature (due to increased mitochondria) will have what type of feedback on the hypothalamus? What does it do?

A

Negative feedback by turning off TRH

64
Q

What does synthesis of T4 require?

A

Iodine pump (turned on by TSH), and synthesis of thyroglobulin (TG) (containing many tyrosine molecules and also being turned on by TSH)

65
Q

Adding iodine to thyroglobulin requires what enzyme? What is this referred to as?

A

Thyroid peroxidase
Referred to as organification of iodine

66
Q

T3 and T4 undergo… and are released into…

A

T3 and T4 undergo receptor mediated endocytosis and are released into the blood

67
Q

T4 and T3 are soluble in:

A

lipids

68
Q

In response to chronic stress what will the hypothalamus release and to where?

A

Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) to the anterior pituitary

69
Q

In response to receiving CRH from the hypothalamus, what will the anterior pituitary release? Where will it go?

A

ACTH to zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis

70
Q

Zona glomerulosa produces mineralcorticoids such as:

A

Aldosterone

71
Q

Zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids such as:

A

Cortisol

72
Q

Zona reticularis produces androgens such as:

A

DHEA and androstenodione

73
Q

Aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa acts on…

A

…acts on DCT, Principal cells, and increases Na/K ATPase pump

74
Q

When aldosterone in the zona glomerulosa increases the Na/K ATPase pump, what is the result?

A

Increase Na in blood
Decrease K in blood
Increase K in urine
Decrease Na in urine

75
Q

What is the result of cortisol produced by zona fasciculata?

A
  1. Liver elevates blood glucose
  2. Blocks Glut 4 transporters in muscle
  3. Decreases WBC and inflammation therefore decreases immune defense
76
Q

Low sodium or high potassium in blood causes the release of… from…

A

…release of renin from JG cells

77
Q

Renin converts… to…

A

Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I

78
Q

ACE converts… to…

A

Angiotensin I to angiotensin II

79
Q

Angiotensin II causes the release of what?

A

Aldosterone

Systems Physiology (11 decks)

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