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Systems Physiology > Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

atrial pressure curve

What does the a-wave represent?

A

Atrial contraction

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2
Q

atrial pressure curve

What does the c-wave represent?
What happens to the AV valve during this time?

A

Ventricular contraction; AV valve bulges as pressure increases in ventricle

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3
Q

atrial pressure curve

What does the v-wave represent?

A

Slow flow of blood into atria while AV valves are closed

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4
Q

aortic pressure

What occurs between the AV valve closing and the aortic valve opening?

A

Isovolumic contraction

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5
Q

aortic pressure

What occurs directly after the aortic valve opens?
What happens to the aortic pressure?

A

Ejection occurs directly after
Aortic pressure increases then decreases in an upside down U-shape

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6
Q

aortic pressure

What happens to the aortic pressure during isovolumic relaxation?

A

Aortic pressure briefly increases

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7
Q

aortic pressure

After the AV valve opens, what happens to aortic pressure?

A

Aortic pressure gradually decreases over diastole (rapid inflow, diastasis, and atrial systole)

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8
Q

What occurs between the aortic valve opening and closing?

A

Ejection

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9
Q

What occurs between the aortic valve closing and the AV valve opening?

A

Isovolumic relaxation

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10
Q

After the AV valve opens and before it closes, what occurs?

A

Diastole

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11
Q

atrial pressure

When does the a-wave occur?

A

Atrial systole (contraction)

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12
Q

atrial pressure

When does the c-wave occur?

A

Beginning of ejection/ ventricular contraction

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13
Q

atrial pressure

When does the v-wave occur?

A

Isovolumic relaxation (while AV valves are closed)

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14
Q

ventricular pressure

During ejection, what happens to ventricular pressure?

A

Increases and decreases in an upside down U-shape

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15
Q

ventricular volume

During ejection, what happens to ventricular volume?

A

Decreases in concave slope

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16
Q

ventricular volume

Over diastole and isovolumic contraction, what happens to ventricular volume?

A

Increases gradually

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17
Q

ECG

What occurs during P?

A

Atrial depolarization

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18
Q

ECG

What will P, atrial depolarization, look like on a graph?

A

Small bump between diastasis and atrial systole

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19
Q

ECG

What will QRS, ventricular depolarization, look like on a graph?

A

Down, up, down, up between artrial systole and isovolumic contraction

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20
Q

ECG

What will T, ventricular repolarization look like on a graph?

A

Longer bump between ejection and isovolumic relaxation (systole)

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21
Q

What is the first sound made by the heart?

A

AV valve closing

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22
Q

What is the second sound made by the heart?

A

Aortic valve closing

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23
Q

What is the third sound the heart makes?

A

Rapid filling

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24
Q

Excess serum potassium or low calcium causes:

A

Flaccid contraction

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25
Q

Excess serum calcium causes:

A

Spastic contraction

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26
Q

formulas

Stroke volume=

A

End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume

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27
Q

formulas

Cardiac output=

A

Stroke Volume x heart rate (average 5 L/min)

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28
Q

formulas

Ejection fraction=

A

Stroke Volume / End Diastolic Volume
(average 60%)

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29
Q

What three events occur during diastole?

A

Rapid inflow, diastasis, atrial systole

30
Q

ECG

What occurs during QRS?

A

Ventricular depolarization

31
Q

ECG

What occurs during T?

A

Ventricular repolarization

32
Q

In which phase of ventricular muscle action potential is the potassium permeability the highest?

A

Falling phase

33
Q

What causes the heart to go into spastic contraction?

A

Excess extracellular fluid calcium ions

34
Q

What causes the heart to become dilated and flaccid?

A

Excess potassium ions in the blood

35
Q

What mechanism is associated with the third heart sound?

A

Inrushing of blood into the ventricles in the early to middle part of diastole

36
Q

What happens at the end of ventricular isovolumic relaxation?

A

Mitral valve opens

37
Q

Describe the order of events from diastole to next diastole

A

Diastole -> isovolumic contraction -> systole -> isovolumic relaxation -> diastole

38
Q

What is diastole?

A

The period of relaxation where the heart fills with blood

39
Q

What is systole?

A

The period of contraction of the heart

40
Q

When isovolumic contraction occurs, what happens to ventricular pressure?

A

Ventricular pressure rises

41
Q

What marks the beginning of diastole?

A

AV valve opens

42
Q

What is the beginning of diastole called?

A

Rapid inflow

43
Q

What occurs during rapid inflow?

A

The ventricle is filled with blood from the atria

44
Q

What happens to ventricular volume during diastasis?

A

Ventricular volume stays relatively the same

45
Q

What is the final phase of diastole?

A

Atrial systole

46
Q

What occurs during atrial systole?

A

The last 20% of blood is squeezed out of the atria into the ventricle

47
Q

What marks the end of diastole?

A

AV valve closes

48
Q

What phase occurs after the AV valve closes?

A

Isovolumic contraction

49
Q

Describe ventricular volume and pressure during isovolumic contraction

A

Volume stays the same, pressure increases

50
Q

What event marks the end of isovolumic contraction?

A

Aortic valve opens

51
Q

What must happen for the aortic valve to open?

A

Diastolic pressure is overcome

52
Q

What phase occurs after isovolumic contraction?

A

Systole

53
Q

What occurs during systole?

A

Ventricular contraction and blood ejection from the heart

54
Q

What marks the end of systole?

A

Aortic valve closes

55
Q

What begins as a result of the aortic valve closing?

A

Isovolumic relaxation

56
Q

Describe the ventricular volume and pressure during isovolumic relaxation

A

Volume stays the same, pressure decreases

57
Q

Are any valves open during either isovolumic event?

A

No

58
Q

What marks the end of isovolumic relaxation?

A

AV valve opens

59
Q

Why does the c wave cause a change in atrial pressure?

A

AV valve bulges as pressure increases in the ventricle, causing back pressure into the atria

60
Q

Why is the atrial pressure always close to zero?

A

It is a vein

61
Q

What other event does the QRS wave “cover up”?

A

Atrial repolarization

62
Q

When does the heart receive blood supply (epicardial flow)?

A

Diastole

63
Q

What shortens diastole?

A

Sympathetic stimulation/ exercise

64
Q

How does the heart compensate when epicardial flow is lessened?

A

Overrides sympathetic constriction with local control

65
Q

What cellular event happens during the rising phase of a cardiac action potential?

A

Voltage gated fast sodium and slow calcium channels open (both in)

66
Q

What cellular event happens in the plateau phase of a cardiac action potential?

A

Calcium activated calcium release from SR via ryanodine receptor

67
Q

What cellular event happens in the falling phase of a cardiac action potential?

A

Potassium channels open (out)

68
Q

What controls the resting membrane potential of the heart?

A

Sodium potassium ATPase pump and Na/Ca antiporter

69
Q

What is the average cardiac output?

A

5 L/min

70
Q

What is the average ejection fraction?

A

60%

Systems Physiology (11 decks)

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