GLUCONEOGENESIS & CONTROL OF BLOOD GLUCOSE

Question 1

Metabolic pathway generating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Answer 1

Gluconeogenesis

Question 2

Key substrates for gluconeogenesis

Answer 2

Lactate, glycerol, amino acids, & Propionate

Question 3

Enzyme catalyzing first committed step

Answer 3

Pyruvate carboxylase

Question 4

Role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

Answer 4

Converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 5

Gluconeogenesis regulation

Answer 5

Stimulated by glucagon, cortisol, and low blood glucose.

Question 6

Hormonal regulation of blood glucose

Answer 6

Insulin (lowers), glucagon (raises), and epinephrine (raises)

Question 7

Insulin signaling pathway

Answer 7

Activates glycogen synthase, inhibits glycogen phosphorylase

Question 8

Glucagon signaling pathway

Answer 8

Activates glycogen phosphorylase, inhibits glycogen synthase

Question 9

Role of cortisol in glucose metabolism

Answer 9

Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Question 10

Diabetes mellitus types

Answer 10

Type 1 (insulin deficiency), Type 2 (insulin resistance)

Question 11

Pyruvate carboxylase function

Answer 11

Converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate

Question 12

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase function

Answer 12

Converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 13

Glucose-6-phosphatase function

Answer 13

Converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose

Question 14

Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) role

Answer 14

Activates PI3K/Akt signaling.

Question 15

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) function

Answer 15

Enhances insulin secretion.

Question 16

Hormone lowering blood glucose

Answer 16

Insulin

Question 17

Hormone raising blood glucose

Answer 17

Glucagon

Question 18

Enzyme catalyzing glycogen synthesis

Answer 18

Glycogen synthase

Question 19

Enzyme catalyzing glycogen breakdown

Answer 19

Glycogen phosphorylase

Question 20

Metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose

Answer 20

Diabetes mellitus

Question 21

Regulator of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis

Answer 21

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Question 22

Intermediate in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis

Answer 22

Glucose-6-phosphate

Question 23

Mechanism regulating blood glucose.

Answer 23

Negative feedback loop

Question 24

Enzyme activating Akt signaling

Answer 24

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)

Question 25

Enzyme regulating glucose metabolism

Answer 25

Protein kinase B (Akt)

Question 26

Genetic disorder affecting glycogen metabolism

Answer 26

Glycogen storage disease

Question 27

Major gluconeogenic tissues:

Answer 27

Liver & Kidney

Question 28

Primary gluconeogenic organ

Answer 28

Liver

Question 29

key gluconeogenic enzymes are expressed in

Answer 29

Small intestine

Question 30

A vitamin B12-dependent enzyme

Answer 30

Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

Question 31

B12 deficiency, methylmalonyl mutase excreted in the urine

Answer 31

methylmalonic aciduria

Question 32

Monosaccharides that are readily converted to glucose in liver

Answer 32

galactose and fructose

Question 33

Secretes hormones that tend to elevate blood glucose, antagonize the action of insulin

Answer 33

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 34

Secreted by adrenal cortex, increase gluconeogenesis as a result of enhanced hepatic catabolism of amino acid due to induction of aminotransferases

Answer 34

Glucocorticoids

Question 35

secretes by macrophages, have insulin antagonistic actions

Answer 35

cytokines

Question 36

Occurs when the Renal threshold for glucose is exceeded

Answer 36

Glucosuria

Question 37

May occur during pregnancy & in the Neonate

Answer 37

Hypoglycemia

Question 38

Ability to regulate the blood glucose concentration after the administration of a test dose of glucose

Answer 38

Glucose tolerance

Question 39

Insulin resistance associated with obesity leading to the development of hyperlipidemia, then atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, as well as overt diabetes

Answer 39

Metabolic syndrome