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BIOCHEMISTRY > CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

1
Q

An entire complement of sugars of an organism

A

GLYCOME

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2
Q

Study of glycomes, including genetic, ohysiological, pathological, and other aspects.

A

GLYCOMICS

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3
Q

Major constituents of animal food and animal tissues. Characterized by the type and number of monosaccharide residues

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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4
Q

Most important carbohydrate in mammalian, nearly all carbohydrate in food is converted to this for metabolism

A

GLUCOSE

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5
Q

Have large number of stereoisomers because they contain several asymmetric carbon atoms

A

SUGAR (GLUCOSE)

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6
Q

Physiologically important monosaccharides:

A

Glucose (“ the blood sugar”)
Ribose - nucleotides and nucleic acids

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7
Q

Important disaccharides:

A

Maltose (glucosyl-glucose) - intermediate in digestion of starch
Sucrose (glucosyl-fructose) - dietary constituent containing fructose
Lactose (galactosyl-glucose) - milk

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8
Q

Storage polymers of glucose in plants. Major metabolic fuel in the diet.

A

STARCH

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9
Q

Storage polymers of glucose in animals

A

GLYCOGEN

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10
Q

A precursor for synthesis of all the other carbohydrates in the body including glycogen (storage), ribose and deoxyribose (nucleic acids), galactose (synthesis lactose in milk)

A

GLUCOSE

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11
Q

Disease associated w/ carbohydrate metabolism

A

Diabetes mellitus, galactosemia, glycogen storage diseases, and lactose intolerance

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12
Q

Carbohydrates classified as:

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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13
Q

These sugars cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates, can be classified depending on whether they have an aldehyde or ketone group.

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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14
Q

Monosaccharides classified as:

A

Trioses,
Tetroses
Pentoses
Hexoses or heptoses
Aldoses or Ketoses

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15
Q

Trioses :

A

Aldoses: Glycerose (Glyceraldehyde)
Ketoses: Dihydroxyacetone

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16
Q

Tetroses:

A

Aldoses: Erythrose
Ketoses: Erythrulose

17
Q

Pentoses:

A

Aldoses: Ribose
Ketoses: Ribulose

18
Q

Hexoses:

A

Aldoses: Glucose, galactose, mannose
Ketoses: Fructose

19
Q

Heptoses:

A

Ketoses: Sedoheptulose

20
Q

Formed by the condensation of 2 monosaccharide units

A

DISACCHARIDES

(ex. lactose, maltose, isomaltose, sucrose, trehalose)

21
Q

Condensation products of 3 to 10 monosaccharides. Most are not digested by human enzymes

A

OLIGOSACCHARIDES

22
Q

Condensation products of more than 10 monosaccharide units. Sometimes classified as hexosans or pentosans.

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

23
Q

Nonstarch polysaccharides that are not digested by human enzymes but a major components of dietary fiber:

A

Cellulose (glucose polymer) - from plant
Inulin (fructose polymer) - storage carbohydrate in some plants

24
Q

The structure of glucose can be represented in 3 ways:

A
  1. Straight-chain form
  2. alpha-D-glucose (Haworth projection)
    C. alpha-D-glucose (Chair form)
25
Q

Important types of isomerism found in glucose:

A
  1. D-and-L-isomerism
  2. Optical isomer
  3. Pyranose and Furanose ring structures
  4. Alpha-and beta-anomers
  5. Epimers
  6. Aldose-ketose isomerism
26
Q

When the sugar is on the left:

A

D-isomer

27
Q

When the sugar is on the right:

A

L-isomer

28
Q

When the polarized light rotates to the right:

A

Dextrorotatory (+)

29
Q

When the polarized light rotates to the left:

A

Levorotatory (-)

30
Q

Glucose is dextrorotatory and glucose solution are sometimes known as

A

DEXTROSE

31
Q

Monosaccharides that has a six-membered ring

A

PYRAN

32
Q

A ring structure of monosaccharides that have a five-membered ring

A

FURAN/FURANOSE

33
Q

Ring structure of an aldose is______, formed by reaction between aldehyde and an alcohol group

A

Hemiacetal

34
Q
A

BIOCHEMISTRY (11 decks)

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