globalisation, green crime, human rights and state crime

Question 1

Globalisation refers to

Answer 1

The increasing connectedness of sources of societies, one locality is shaped by different events

Question 2

Causes of globalisation

Answer 2

New into, mass media cheap air travel, movement of business

Question 3

Held

Answer 3

Globalisation of crime spread, of transnational organised

Question 4

Castell

Answer 4

Global criminal economy worth over 1 trillion per year e.g

1. Arms trafficking to illegal groups such as terroist
2. Smuggling of illegal immigrants (Chinese triads 2.5 million)
3. Trafficking wi,en and children/body parts in China
4. Green crimes such as dumping toxic waste
5. Drug trade worth 490 billion

Question 5

Supply and demand

Answer 5

Demand from the rich west, couldn’t function without the supply side e.g. drugs. Linked to globalisation e.g. third world comes from poverty in Columbia cocaine outsells all other experts combined

Question 6

Global risk consciousness

Answer 6

Risk is now seen as gimbal and not tied to one place e.g. fear of asylum seekers. Our knowledge of risk comes from the media “moral panic”
E.g. asylum seekers seen as scrounges led to a risk in hate crimes
Results in intense social control e.g. tougher border control air line fines
Increased international cooperation

Question 7

Taylor: capitalism

Answer 7

Globalisation has led fo changes in the pattern of crime
Allowed corporations to switch manufacturing to low wage countries producing poverty. This widens inequalities and encourages people to turn to crime e.g. LA de-industrialisation has led to growth of drugs gangs
Also creates opportunities for elite groups e.g. moving of funds and avoiding tax. Led to new patterns of unemployment “flexible workers”, working less than mini mum wag

Question 8

A03 Taylor capitalism

Answer 8

Does not explain how the changes make people behave in criminal ways e.g. not all poor people commit crimes

Question 9

Crimes of globalisation

Answer 9

Rothe and friedrichs: world bank 188 countries, yet 5 hold over 1/3 of rioting rights

These bodies impose pro-capitalist programme on poor countries for loans they provide e.g. at spending on education creates conditions for crime

Question 10

Patterns of criminal organisation

Answer 10

Hobbs and Dunnigham:the way crime is organised is linked to economic changes brought by globalisation
Individuals with contacts a “hub” with other individuals looking for opportunities
This contacts with large scale hierarchal “mafia” crime

Question 11

Glocal organisation

Answer 11

Crime is still rooted in local context
Still locally based but has global connections
H&D argue Graf crime has shifted from rigid hierarchy structures to flexible and entrepreneurial criminal

Question 12

Mc mafia (Glenny)

Answer 12

Glenny: organisations that emerged in Russia after the fall of communism
Linked to the break up of the Soviet Union and deregulation of global markets
Gov no longer regulated prices of everything
Those with money could buy diamonds, oils etc at low costs and sell them on for huge profit
These people would turn to the mafia to help them protect their wealth
Able to move their money out of the country and make connections globally

Question 13

What is the definition of globalisation

Answer 13

Crime against the environment.

Question 14

Why is it a global problem. Give an example

Answer 14

Is it a global problem as much green crime can be linked to globalisation and increasing inter connectedness of societies

Question 15

global risk society

Answer 15

most threats to humans are now human made compared to drought and famine.

Question 16

Beck

Answer 16

increase in productivity has new “manufactured” risks e.g. global warming-effects people globally “global risk society”

Question 17

example of how the global nature of human-made risk can produce crime and disorder

Answer 17

Russia-triggered heatwave and fires- destroyed grain belt-rose the prices in Mozambique and triggered looting .

Question 18

traditional criminology

Answer 18

not concerned as no law has been broken. follow international laws e.g. the definition of environmental crime as an omission

Question 19

advantages to traditional criminology

Answer 19

clear defined subject matter

Question 20

disadvantages of traditional criminology

Answer 20

accept definitions made by powerful groups

Question 21

green criminology

Answer 21

notion of harm” rather than law. “transgressive criminology” overstep boundaries of traditional criminology to include new issues. this study is also known as zeminology (study of harm). different countries have different laws, cannot provide consistent standard of harm. agree with Marxists that powerful groups can decline in exploitive ways.

Question 22

two views of harm

Answer 22

anthropocentric-humans have the right to dominate nature and put economic growth first

Ecocentric- humans and environmental are independent, liable to exploitation (green crime)

Question 23

primary Green crimes

Answer 23

1. crime of air pollution: burning of fossil fuels (6b tones of carbon) potential criminals are Gov businesses and consumers.
2. species decline: 50 species a day are becoming extinct due to deforestation and animal trafficking

Question 24

secondary Green crimes

Answer 24

state violence: states condemn terrorism that resort but resort to similar methods e.g. France blew up a ship that was attempting to stop green crime (testing nuclear weapons in the pacific).

hazardous waste. disposal of toxic waste highly profitable. legal disposable. its expensive so profit from illegal dumping in the sea “radioactive rubbish dump” some dump in third world countries $2500 atone $3 a tone illustrates the problems

Question 25

evaluation of green criminology

Answer 25

recognises the growing importance of global issues and need to address harms by focusing on harms, hard to define the boundries, matter of values

Question 26

the scale of state crime

Answer 26

state's enormous power gives it the potential to inflict harm on a huge scale. 262 million murdered by government during 20th century

Question 27

the state is the source of law

Answer 27

states role to define what is criminal but means they can conceal crimes. makes it difficult for united nations to intervene as the state acts as supreme authority

Question 28

case studies for state crime

Answer 28

1. political crimes e.g. corruption 2. crimes by security e.g. genocide 3. economic crimes e.g. violation of health and safety 4. cultural crimes e.g. racism

Question 29

genocide in Rwanda

Answer 29

united nations defines genocide as "acts committed with intent to destroy in whole, national, ethical, racial or religious group" Rwanda became a religious colony in 1922. Rwanda gained independence in 1962

Question 30

chambliss

Answer 30

"acts define by laws as criminals and committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs" using a state own law to define state crime is inadequate. ignores that states have the power to make laws for own purpose e.g. Nazi sterilisation of the disabled

Question 31

social harms and zemiology

Answer 31

recognises that harm done by states is not against the law.

Question 32

michalowski

Answer 32

also include "legally permissible acts were consequences are similar to illegal ones"

Question 33

hillyard

Answer 33

replace the study of crimes with "zemiology of harms, regardless of the law (single standards)

Question 34

what do critics argue about the harms definition

Answer 34

critics are too vague- who decides what counts as a harm?

Question 35

labelling

Answer 35

state crime is socially constructed, varies overtime and culture. prevents sociologists imposing their own definition when they may not be how the audience defines it

Question 36

criticisms to the labelling theory defining crime

Answer 36

``` however, even more vague than "harms" definition. unclear what to do if different audiences reach different verdicts ignores that audience may be manipulated by ruling class ideology e.g. wars are legitimates. ```

Question 37

international law

Answer 37

some sociologists base definitions on international law

Question 38

advantage of international law

Answer 38

doesn't depend on audience or sociological defintions

Question 39

disadvantage of international law

Answer 39

however, like the state, definitions are social construct using power, may be intentionally designed to deal with state crime e.g. japan gave foreign aid to Jamaican islands to bribe them to vote against whale hunting

Question 40

human rights include

Answer 40

natural rights- people have simply by existing | civil rights- e.g vote education

Question 41

Herman

Answer 41

define state crimes as violation of basic human rights

Question 42

advantage of human rights definition

Answer 42

rights are now global norms and all states care about this image

Question 43

disadvantage of human rights definition

Answer 43

disagreements about what counts as human rights

Question 44

how does authoritarian personality define state crime

Answer 44

willingness to obey orders through discipline socialisation (ww2). little psychologists difference between psychopaths and people carry out genocides

Question 45

how does modernity explain state crime

Answer 45

some argue a breakdown of civilisation results in reversion to barbarism

Question 46

Bauman

Answer 46

disagrees and argues the following made the holocaust happen.

Question 47

what key features of modern society made the holocaust possible (Bauman)

Answer 47

1. the division of labour: everyone had one task 2. Bureaucratisation: made it a routine job 3. instrumental rationality: rational methods to achieve a goal science and technology e.g. gas

Question 48

AO3 for division of labour

Answer 48

not all genocides occur through a division of labour

Question 49

how does crimes of obedience explain state crime

Answer 49

state crimes are crimes of conformity. people willing to obey authority even when it harms others.

Question 50

Green and ward

Answer 50

tortures and re-socialised and trained to see the person as an "enemy"

Question 51

study of the My Lai massacre, three features that produce crime and obedience

Answer 51

1. authoritarian- acts of approval by those by those in authority 2. Routinisation- turn act into a routine 3. dehumanisation- enemy describes as sub-human.

Question 52

how does cultural of denial

Answer 52

democratic states have a legitimates their actions in more complex ways.

Question 53

spiral of state denial

Answer 53

1. it didn't happen 2. "it it did happen it was someone else" 3. "even if it did happen it was justified"

Question 54

Cohen shows how the state use the same techniques to justify human rights violations

Answer 54

1. neutralisation- denial of victim 2. denial of injury 3. denial of responsibility 4. condemning the condemners 5. appeal to higher royalty