gender, crime and justice

Question 1

examples of gender patterns

Answer 1

4/5 offenders are male
age 40, 9% of females and 32% of males have a criminal record
more females are committed of property crime and more males are committed of sexual/ violent offences

Question 2

Pollak

Answer 2

men have perceived attitudes towards women, more lenient and less likely to end in official statistics.

Question 3

flood page

Answer 3

1/11 females to 1/7 males have been prosecuted.

Question 4

chivalry thesis

Answer 4

most justice agents are Men, socialised to act “chivalrous”

Question 5

Farrington and Morris

Answer 5

408 offences, Females not treated more leniently.

Question 6

buck and Farrington

Answer 6

women more likely to be witnessed and prosecuted for inspiring

Question 7

Heidensohn

Answer 7

courts treats females more harshly when they deviate from social norms

Question 8

Carlen

Answer 8

more likely to makes judgements on their roles as mothers than seriousness of crimes.

Question 9

Cohen

Answer 9

men have less of a socialising role, boys turnt to street gangs. (new right theory)

Question 10

AO3 of functionalist sex role

Answer 10

biologicals assumptions

Question 11

heidenson

Answer 11

argues that women commit fewer and less serious crimes than men. in her view this is because patriarchal society imposes greater control over women and this reduces their opportunities to offend.

Question 12

where does patriarchal control operate

Answer 12

at home an in public spaces and at work

Question 13

control at home

Answer 13

house work and childcare imposes sever restrictions on time/movement and confines them to the house for long periods, reducing their opportunities to commit crimes.

Question 14

Dobash and Dobash

Answer 14

many violent attacks result from men’s dissatisfaction with their wives performance of domestic duties

Question 15

how are daughters subject to patriarchal control.

Answer 15

Girls are less likely to say out late. as a result they develop bedroom culture- there is less opportunity to commit deviant behaviours.

Question 16

control in public

Answer 16

women are controlled in pubic places by fear of male violence e.g. going out in the dark. also the fear as being defined as not respectable or damaging “reputation”

Question 17

control at work

Answer 17

women’s behaviour us controlled at work by male supervisors and managers. sexual harassment is widespread and helps keep women “in their place”

Question 18

glass ceiling

Answer 18

prevents many women from rising to senior positions where there is greater opportunity to commit fraud.

Question 19

AO3 of patriarchal control

Answer 19

patriarchy can push women into crime e.g. poverty

Question 20

Carlen

Answer 20

study of thirty-nine 15-46 year olds WC women , unstructured interviews.

Question 21

Hirschi control theory

Answer 21

humans are controlled by the offer of a “deal”. rewards are greater than the risk.

Question 22

Carlen WC women led to conform by two ideals

Answer 22

1. the class deal- women who work will offered material rewards, with a decent standard of living and leisure opportunities.
2. the gender deal- patriarchal ideology promises women material and emotional rewards.

Question 23

what happens if these rewards are not available

Answer 23

crimes become more likely

Question 24

example of class deal

Answer 24

32 of them always been poverty couldn’t get a job, humiliated to go on benefits

Question 25

example of gender deal

Answer 25

abused by partners spent in care

Question 26

A03 for class and gender

Answer 26

sees women’s behaviour as determined by external forces, small sample.

Question 27

Adler

Answer 27

argues that, as women become liberated from patriarchy, their crimes will become as frequent and as serious as men’s. women liberation has led to a new type of female criminal and a rise in a female crime rate.

Question 28

why does Adler argue that the structure of society has led to changes in women’s offending behaviour

Answer 28

as patriarchal controls and discrimination has lessened, and opportunities in education and work have become more equal, women have begun to adopt traditionally “male role” in both legitimate authority (work) and illegimate authority (crime)

Question 29

what happens when women no longer commit traditional female crimes such as shoplifting

Answer 29

they commit typically male offences such as crime of violence and white collar crime

Question 30

why don’ t women commit traditional female crime

Answer 30

this is because of women’s greater confidence and assertiveness, and the fact that women have greater opportunities in the legitimate structure e.g. more women in senior position at work and this give them the opportunity to commit white collar crimes like fraud

Question 31

evidence of liberation thesis

Answer 31

Adler argues that the patterns of female crime has shifted. she cites studies showing rising levels of female participation of crime previously regarded as “male”, such as embezzlement and armed robbery.

Question 32

criticisms of liberation thesis

Answer 32

critics reject Adler’s thesis on several grounds.
- female critics rate began rising in the 1950’s- long before the women’s liberation, which emerged in the late 1960’s

• most female criminals are WC- the group least likely to be influenced by women’s liberation, which has benefitted women much more.
• overestimates both the extent to which women have become more liberated to the extent to which they are now able to engage in serious crime.

Question 33

hand and Dodd (2009)

Answer 33

between 2000 and 2008, police statistics show the number of female arrested for violence rose by an average of 17% each year

Question 34

steffensmeier and schawtz

Answer 34

found that while females share arrest for violence grew from one fifth to one third between 1980 and 2003 from police statistics

Question 35

Burnman and Batchelor

Answer 35

point to media depiction of young women ad “drunk and disorderly, out of control and looking for fights

Question 36

what do crime surveys show

Answer 36

gender differences in the level and type of victimisation and in the relationship between human and offenders.

Question 37

homicide victims

Answer 37

about 70% are male. female victims are more likely to know their killer and 60% of these cases this was a partner or ex- partner. males are more likely to be killed by an acquaintance.

Question 38

victims of violence

Answer 38

fewer women than men are victims of violence (2% vs 4%) in addition women are more likely to be victimised by an acquaintance more women than men were victims of intimate violence/ domestic violence/ sexual assault

Question 39

Lea and Young

Answer 39

have found women in fact are at greater risk than men

Question 40

what is hegemonic masculinity

Answer 40

work in paid labour market, the subordination of women, heterosexism and the driven and uncontrollable sexuality of men.

Question 41

how does this compare to subordination masculinity

Answer 41

gay men, who have no desire to accomplish hegemonic masculinity, as well as lower class and some ethnic minority men, who lack resources to do

Question 42

how do MC achieve masculinity

Answer 42

white MC youths have to subordinate themselves to teachers in order to achieve MC status; leading to an accommodating masculinity in school

Question 43

how do WC achieve masculinity

Answer 43

have less chance of educational success, to their masculinity is oppositional both in and out of school.

Question 44

how do black middle WC achieve masculinity

Answer 44

may have fewer expectations of a reasonable job and may use gang membership and violence to express masculinity

Question 45

give two criticisms of messerschmidt

Answer 45

doesn’t explain why not all men use crime to accomplish masculinity

overworks the concept of masculinity to explain virtually all male crimes

Question 46

how has globalisation lead to more criminal activity of the WC

Answer 46

this has lead to the loss of many of traditional manual jobs through which WC men were able to express their masculinity by hard physical labour and by providing for their families

Question 47

what is bodily capital

Answer 47

many bouncers seek to develop their physical assertd by body buillding