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sociology crime and deviance > functionalist strain and subcultural theories > Flashcards

functionalist strain and subcultural theories Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are society’s two key mechanisms in order to achieve social solidarity?

A

socialisation and social control

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2
Q

socialisation

A

individuals internalise the same norms and values and instils shared culture

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3
Q

social control

A

rewards for conformity, and punishment for deviance

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4
Q

why is crime found in all societies

A

crime is universal and inevitable.

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5
Q

what is Durkheim’s theory on crime?

A

every society has some levels of crime “normal and integral”.

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6
Q

What are the two reasons that crime and deviance are found in all societies

A
  1. not everyone is effectively socialised into shared norms and values
  2. diversity of lifestyle and values
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7
Q

anomie

A

Normlessness, anomie arises when there is rapid social change, because existing norms become unclear and outdated

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8
Q

collective conscience

A

the shared norms, values, beliefs and knowledge that make cooperation between individuals possible

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9
Q

what are the two positive functions of crime

A

boundary maintenance and adaption and change

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10
Q

Boundary maintenance

A

crime produces a reaction, unites members in condemnation of the wrongdoer and reinforces norms.

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11
Q

what is aim of punishment according to Durkheim?

A

creates social solidarity because it brings people together

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12
Q

adaption and change

A

new ideals cannot be stifled by social control. firstly appears as deviance for things to change

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13
Q

how does Durkheim say that change starts

A

with an act of deviance

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14
Q

why is neither high or low levels of crime desirable?

A

too much crime threatens to tear society apart and too little crime means society is being oppressed

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15
Q

davis

A

prostitution acts as a safety valve for the release for men’s sexual frustration.

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16
Q

polsky

A

pornography is an alternative to adultery

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17
Q

cohen

A

deviance is a warning that society is not functioning properly.

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18
Q

criticisms for Durkheim’s theory

A

crime doesn’t necessarily serve the function of social solidarity, unclear on why crime exists in the first place
doesn’t always promote solidarity e.g women staying in fear of attack

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19
Q

Merton’s strain theory

A

merton argues that people are deviant because they are unable to achieve goals legitimate means eg ange and frustration.

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20
Q

The American dream

A

American’s study get qualifications and have a career. also society is meritocratic

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21
Q

how the reality different to the American dream

A

there is poverty and inequality.

22
Q

Strain to anomie

A

Strain between the goal of money but you don’t have the ways to get there

23
Q

Responses to strain

A

Conformity innovation ritualism retreatism rebellion

24
Q

Conformity

A

Individuals accept culturally approved goals and strive to achieve them legitimately

25
Q

Innovation

A

Individuals accept the goal of money success but use “new” illegitimate means like theft

26
Q

Ritualism

A

Individuals give up ok trying to achieve goals, but have interlised the legitimate means and follow the rules

27
Q

Retreatism

A

individuals reject both the goals and the legitimate means and become drop outs

28
Q

Rebellion

A

Individuals reject the existing society’s goals and means but they replace them with new ones in a desire to bring revolutionary change

29
Q

Evaluation of Merton’s theory

A

Most crime is property crime because American society values material health so highly

Lower class crime rate are higher because they have least opportunity to obtain wealth legitimately

30
Q

Cohen status frustration

A

Agrees with Merton that deviance is lower-class phenomenon

31
Q

How does Cohen criticise Merton (A03)

A
  1. Merton sees deviance as an individual response to strain, a lot of deviance is committed In groups
  2. Merton focuses on ultilirian crime and ignores crime such as assault
32
Q

Cohen working class boys

A

Face anomie in mc dominated school system e.g cultural deprivation

Can’t achieve status by legitimate means, suffer from status, so turn to other boys in the same situation

33
Q

Anomie

A

Normlessness

34
Q

What are subcultures functions

A

Is that it offers an illegitimate opportunity to gain status from their peers with delinquent actions

35
Q

Cohen alternatives status hierarchy

A

The delinquent subculture inverts value of the mainstream-malice, hostility and contempt e.g value truanting

36
Q

Strength Cohen alternative status hierarchy

A

Offers an explanation of non-ultiliariance deviance, helps to explain non- economic delinquent

37
Q

Limitation of Cohen alternative status hierarchy

A

Assumes Wc starts off by sharing Mc goals, may have shared their goals but n the first place

38
Q

What did Cloward and ohlin day about subculture strain theories

A

Agree that wc youths the denied legitimate opportunities to s give money and success

39
Q

How subcultures respond to deviance

A

Criminal subcultures
Conflict subculture
Retreatist subcultures

40
Q

Criminal subculture

A

Apprenticeships for a career ultilitaruanism crime . Neighbourhood provide different opportunities to develop crime and skills.

41
Q

Conflict subculture

A

High populations turnover. Loosely organised gangs winning “turf”

42
Q

Retreatist subcultures

A

Those who fail both legitimately and illegitimately and turn to drug use

43
Q

Strength cloward and ohlin strength and deviance subculture strain theories

A

Provides an explanation for different types of deviance

44
Q

Limitation of cloward and ohlin subculture strain theories

A

Ignores wider power structures, such as who makes the law-could be possible to belong to more than one subculture
Reactive theories-not everyone starts off with same goals

45
Q

Recent stray theories

A

Emphasis not just on money, but popularity, masculinity too etc-in America and the uk, economic goals are valued above others

Evidence shows countries that spend more money on welfare have lower imprisonment rate

46
Q

Becker

A

A deviant is someone whom the label has been successfully labelle d

47
Q

Moral entrepreneurs

A

People who lead a moreover”crusade” to change the law- creates a new group of “outsiders” and expansion and of social control agencies

48
Q

Platt

A

“Juvenile delinquency” result we f upper class Victorian moral entrepreneurs aimed at protecting young people state could extend powers such as truancy

49
Q

Functionalist

A

Society is based on value consensus which deviance threatens, but also performs positive functions such as reinforcing solidarity and adapting to change

50
Q

Strain theories

A

Argue that deviance occurs when people cannot achieve society’s goals by legitimate means. Merton argues that this produces a strain to anomie that may result in innovation retreating rebellion ritualism

51
Q

Subculture theories

A

See much deviance as a collective rather than individual response A.K Cohen argues subculture deviance results from status frustrations and takes a non_ultilian form.

52
Q

What three different deviant subcultures see

A

Criminal conflict and retreatism

sociology crime and deviance (10 decks)

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