globalisation and migration Flashcards
what is migration?
the movement of people from one geographic area to another, typically referring to moving across political boundaries.
what is immigration?
movement into a society
what is emigration?
movement out of a society
what is net migration?
the difference between the numbers of immigrants and the numbers of emigrants, and is expressed as a net increase or a net decrease due to migration.
1900 - 1945
largest immigrant group were the irish, mainly for economic
reasons
followed by eastern and central european jews, who were often refugees fleeing persecution
people of british descent from canada and the usa. very few
immigrants were non-white.
1950s
black immigrants from the caribbean began to arrive in the uk
during the 1960s and 1970s south asian immigrants from india, pakistan, bangladesh and sri lanka, and by east african asians from kenya and uganda.
1980
by the 1980s, non-whites accounted for little more than a quarter of all immigrants,
the mainly white countries of the european union became the main source of settlers in the uk
push factors
economic recession and unemployment at home
pull factors
higher wages and better opportunities
population size
net migration to the uk was estimated to be 270,000 in 2019 from a peak of 331,000 in 2015.
net migration of eu citizens fell sharply after the brexit referendum in 2016, from 133,000 to 49,000.
there is also a natural increase, with births exceeding deaths.
births to uk born mothers remain low.
births to non-uk born mothers are higher and account for about 28% of all births, but even with these, births remain below the replacement level of 2.1 per woman (the number needed to keep population size stable).
if not for net migration, therefore, the uk’s population would be shrinking.
migration and dependency ratios
age structure - immigration lowers the average of the population. in 2019, 11% of migrants were 65 or older
directly - immigrants are generally younger and have more children, increasing the ratio
indirectly - being younger, immigrants are more fertile and - produce more babies
what three effects does immigration have on the dependency rate?
immigrants are more likely to be of working age; lowers the dependency ratio and many older migrants return to their country of origin to retire
because they are younger, immigrants have more children, increasing the ratio. over time, however, these children join the labour force and lower the dependency ratio again
the longer a group is settled in the country, the closer their fertility rate comes to the national average, reducing their overall impact on the dependency ratio
what is globalisation?
rapid social changes, including increased national migration
the idea barriers between societies are disappearing
people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries
what are the effects of globalisation?
growth of communications systems
growth of global media
creation of global markets
fall of communism in eastern europe
expansion of the european union
globalisation:
acceleration
there has been a speeding up of the rate of migration
united nations - in 2019, the number of international migrants was 272 million
globalisation:
differentiation
since the 1990s globalisation has led to what vertovec has called super-diversity
cohen distinguishes three types of migrant:
- citizens-with full citizenship rights such as voting rights
- denizens– who are privileged people welcomed by the state – such as billionaire ‘oligarchs’ or highly paid employees of Transnational companies
- helots– the most exploited group – states and employers regard them as disposable units of labour power, a reserve army of labour. found in unskilled, poorly paid work and include illegally trafficked workers and legal workers such as domestic servants.
globalisation:
the feminisation of migration
half of all global migrants are female and the types of job they do tend to fit patriarchal stereotypes such that there is a global gendered division of labour.
ehrenreich and hochschild - care work, domestic work and sex work in the uk is increasingly done by women from poor countries. this is a result of western women increasingly joining the labour force and the failure of the state to provide adequate child care.
40% of adult care nurses in the uk are migrants and most of these are female.
there is also a global transfer of women’s emotional labour. migrant nannies provide care and affection for their employers’ children at the expense of their own children left behind in their home country.
globalisation:
transnational identities
eriksen - globalisation has created more diverse migration patters, with back and forth movements of people through networks rather than permanent settlement in another country.
this results in such migrants being less likely to see themselves as belonging to one culture or another and instead they may develop transnational neither/ nor identities and loyalties.
a globalised economy means that economic migrants may have more links to other migrants than to their country of origin or the country they are currently settled in. such migrants are less likely to want to assimilate into the ‘host country’.
