globalisation and migration Flashcards
what is migration?
the movement of people from one geographic area to another, typically referring to moving across political boundaries.
what is immigration?
movement into a society
what is emmigration?
movement out of a society
what is net migration?
the difference between the numbers of immigrants and the numbers of emigrants, and is expressed as a net increase or a net decrease due to migration.
1900 - 1945
largest immigrant group were the irish, mainly for economic
reasons
followed by eastern and central european jews, who were often refugees fleeing persecution
people of british descent from canada and the usa. very few
immigrants were non-white.
1950s
black immigrants from the caribbean began to arrive in the uk
during the 1960s and 1970s south asian immigrants from india, pakistan, bangladesh and sri lanka, and by east african asians from kenya and uganda.
1980
by the 1980s, non-whites accounted for little more than a quarter of all immigrants,
the mainly white countries of the european union became the main source of settlers in the uk
push factors
economic recession and unemployment at home
pull factors
higher wages and better opportunities
population size
net migration to the uk was estimated to be 270,000 in 2019 from a peak of 331,000 in 2015.
net migration of eu citizens fell sharply after the brexit referendum in 2016, from 133,000 to 49,000.
there is also a natural increase, with births exceeding deaths.
births to uk born mothers remain low.
births to non-uk born mothers are higher and account for about 28% of all births, but even with these, births remain below the replacement level of 2.1 per woman (the number needed to keep population size stable).
if not for net migration, therefore, the uk’s population would be shrinking.
migration and dependency ratios
age structure - immigration lowers the average of the population
directly immigrants are generally younger
indirectly being younger, immigrants are more fertile and - produce more babies
what three effects does immigration have on the dependency rate?
immigrants are more likely to be of working age; lowers the dependency ratio and many older migrants return to their country of origin to retire
because they are younger, immigrants have more children, increasing the ratio. over time, however, these children join the labour force and lower the dependency ratio again
the longer a group is settled in the country, the closer their fertility rate comes to the national average, reducing their overall impact on the dependency ratio
what is globalisation?
rapid social changes, including increased national migration
the idea barriers between societies are disappearing
people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries
what are the effects of globalisation?
growth of communications systems
growth of global media
creation of global markets
fall of communism in eastern europe
expansion of the european union
