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Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The increasing integrations of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods , services and capital across borders. There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions

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2
Q

What is time-space compression?

A

Theory that heightened connectivity changes our conception of time. Including that travel times fall due to new inventions
-Also known as the ‘shrinking world effect’

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3
Q

What are the positives of globalisation?

A

-Tweets + retweets about natural disasters
-New e services are together
-Capitalism spreading into former communist countries
-Governments are more cautious about immigration

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4
Q

What are the negatives of globalisation?

A

-Worlds rich are employing the worlds poor
-Transnational companies are more powerful that national governments

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5
Q

What types of technology are on the specification?

A

-Phone
-GPS
-Social networks
-Streaming services
-Internet
-Online banking
-Emails
-News apps

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6
Q

How does technology create technologies?

A

-Far reaching air travel
-GPS
-Communications with people in different places
-Planes + trains access more places
-Radio
-Online banking so people purchase more

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7
Q

How has easy jet created global connections?

A

-Uses internet to book flights to access a wider audience
-People buying goods/services whilst on holiday

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8
Q

What places do easy jet fly to?

A

-Greek islands
-Near the middle east
-300 flight routes within the EU
-North Africa

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9
Q

What are the benefits of cheap air travel?

A

-World is shrinking so it is easier and cheaper to travel
-Causing a growth in tourism
-Usually offer a variety of locations
-Originally only cost £29 one way

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10
Q

What is a tariff?

A

A tax imposed on imports

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11
Q

What is a subsidy?

A

Financial assistance to a business by the government to make it competitive or prevent collapse

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12
Q

What is a quota?

A

A limit on the quantity of a good a country allows into the country

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13
Q

What is protectionism?

A

Policies to protect businesses and workers in a country by restricting/regulating trade with foreign nations

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14
Q

What is a free-market economy?

A

A market economy based on supply and demand with little to no government control

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15
Q

What is free trade?

A

Governments don’t interfere with imports or exports

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16
Q

What is privatisation?

A

Transferring ownership of a public service into private ownership run for profit

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17
Q

What is neoliberalism?

A

A political philosophy of free markets, making trade easier will lead to more of it which will increase wealth and reduce poverty

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18
Q

What is a trade bloc?

A

Voluntary international organisations that exist for trading purposes which brings greater economic strength and security to nations that occur
-encourage free trade and removes tariffs

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19
Q

How did the UK globalise?

A

-Used free market liberalisation
-Privatisation, allowing foreign investors a stake in privatised services
-Encouraging business start ups, lowering business taxes and changing laws so local and foreign businesses make more profit

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20
Q

How did China globalise?

A

-Higher wages. $40 a day in 2015
-Is now the largest economy and 400 million escaped poverty
-Transformed into an urban and industrialised nation
-Open door policy in 1978
-One child policy to limit population growth
-Free trade
-No social networks
-Quotas = only 34 foreign policies per year

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21
Q

What is the European union?

A

A multi governmental organisation with its own currency and shared political legislation
-Removed most national borders in 1985
-Help countries declare independence

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22
Q

What is the ASEAN?

A

Association of South East Asian nations
-Eliminate tariffs for free trade
-Help develop into a single market economy

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23
Q

How can we measure globalisation?

A

-Flights going in and out
-Imports and exports
-Amount of TNC’s in the area

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24
Q

What is the Koff Index?

A

An index of globalisation produced by the Swiss economic institute, uses economic, social and political globalisation

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25
Q

What is the A.T Kearney Index?

A

An index of globalisation based on political engagement, person contact, technological connectivity and economic integration

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26
Q

What does switched off mean?

A

Places poorly connected and isolated from global networks due to conflict or political instability

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27
Q

What causes isolation of globalisation?

A

-Climate change
-Lack of skills
-Politically isolated

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28
Q

What is glocalisation?

A

When a company slightly adapts their product to suit the country’s wants and needs
-e.g green tea mcflurry

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29
Q

Astrazeneca case study:

A

-One of the largest pharmaceutical companies
-Employs 83,000 people
-In over 100 countries across 6 continents
-Open 24/7 due to different time zones
-Mostly manufacture in India due to cheap labour but still educated

30
Q

Biggest TNC’s around the world:

A

-JP morgan chase
-Saudi arabian oil

31
Q

What is global shift?

A

Movement of manufacturing to recently industrialised countries

32
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

Obtaining goods/services by contract from an outside supplier

33
Q

Outsourcing in India:

A

-Many fluent in English
-Earn good wages, 3500 rupees per week
-24 shopping malls and night clubs in Bangalore
-Exploitation
-Boring and repetitive work
-E.g. Dell, Yahoo, Intel
-Widens gap between poor and rich

34
Q

Outsourcing in China:

A

-Banks are some of the worlds largest TNC’s
-Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 16% in 2005
-Large income gains
-More can afford cards 1/100 to 1/5
-Exploitation, sweatshops

35
Q

What are the environmental costs of global shift?

A

-Air pollution
-Water pollution
-Land degradation
-Over-exploitation of resources
-Loss of biodiversity

36
Q

What is a displaced person?

A

Refugees/asylum seekers are forced to leave, they have temporary stay then are sent back to their own country or they are granted permanent stay

37
Q

What is a voluntary migrant?

A

Either a permanent or temporary stay for work, apply for a citizenship if this is rejected they are deported

38
Q

What is an illegal migrant?

A

Either a voluntary move for work or part of organised crime, they live until discovered before forced deportation

39
Q

What is an asylum seeker?

A

Someone seeking refuge in another country due to fear for their life

40
Q

What is a refugee?

A

Someone forced to leave their country because their life is in danger

41
Q

What is an intervening obstacle?

A

A challenge a migrant faces which may make the migration process more difficult

42
Q

Migration in Mumbai:

A

-Host of many major industries
-12th largest city in the world
-Handle large amounts of cargo due to large port
-Have 2 main ports and do over a 1/3 of the countries trade
-Population more than doubled since 1970

43
Q

Migration in Karachi:

A

-People move for economic reasons
-Population growth of 60%
-Housing demand exceeds availability
-10/12 people living in one room dwellings

44
Q

What a global hub?

A

One area with many connections

45
Q

Positives of western culture:

A

-Coming from developed countries
-Many big brands
-Democracy
-Freedom of speech
-Businesses appeal to larger markets

46
Q

Negatives of western culture:

A

-Changing diets (worse)
-Low quality food
-Consumerism
-Islamophobia
-Increase in waste

47
Q

What is development?

A

The improvement of quality of life (level of happiness, well being, contentment) of a countries population.

48
Q

Social ways to measure development:

A

-Infant mortality
-Life expectancy
-Calories per day
-% of urban population
-HDI (life expectancy, average years of schooling, GNI)
-GII (reproductive health, women participation in workplace, empowerment)

49
Q

Economic ways to measure development:

A

-GDP
-PPP (comparing economic development between countries)

50
Q

What is post-accession migration?

A

Immediately after 2004, eastern European countries migrated e.g Poland

51
Q

What is diaspora?

A

A group of people from another country migrating

52
Q

What are the positives of migration in London?

A

-Leads to a richer and more tolerant country
-Benefits innovative and economic prospects of the country
-Increases diversity

53
Q

What are the negatives of migration in London?

A

-Concerning Islamophobia
-Tensions
-Ghettoisation

54
Q

What is censorship?

A

Restriction of certain information

55
Q

Examples of internet censorship in China:

A

-Nearly 70 years run by the communist party
-Google withdrew its services in 2010
-Facebook, Twitter and YouTube are unavailable
-The ‘Great Firewall of China’

56
Q

Examples of migration control in the UK:

A

-Five tier point system to control migration
-EU migrants have free movement
-UK government said to pledge and cut migration to 100,000 per year

57
Q

What is a transition town?

A

A settlement where individuals and businesses have adopted a ‘bottom up’ initiative with the aim of making their community more sustainable and less reliant on global trade

58
Q

What is sustainability?

A

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

59
Q

What is social sustainability?

A

All individuals should enjoy a reasonable quality of life

60
Q

What is economic sustainability?

A

Individuals and communities should have access to reliable income over time

61
Q

What is environmental sustainability?

A

No lasting damage should be done to the environment

62
Q

What is local sourcing?

A

Producing things locally in order to save transport costs and negative environmental impacts

63
Q

What is a transition town?

A

Todmorden 2008
-Grow crops locally
-Use locals skills and talents
-Saves money
-Improves environment

64
Q

What are the costs of local sourcing?

A

-Increase in pollution in the local country
-Ethical issues due to close supplier connections

65
Q

What are the benefits of local sourcing?

A

-May be cheaper as it saves transport costs
-Less pollution from transport

66
Q

What is circular economy?

A

Designing products smartly with their whole life circle in mind
-Re-using, recycling, repairing

67
Q

What is ethical purchase?

A

A financial exchange where the consumer has considered social and environmental costs of production

68
Q

What is RanaPlaza?

A

-Building collapsed
-2500 injured
-1135 died
-Generators were vibrating
-Building had 3 too many stories
-Wasn’t supposed to be industrial was supposed to be commercial
-Didn’t have the resources to rescue people
-Mental health issues
-Protests
-Set up ACCORD which is a legally binding agreement in Bangladesh to ensure safety laws are met in the textiles industry

69
Q

What are the advantages of circular economy?

A

-Uses less energy
-Boosts economy
-Reduces pollution
-Cheaper for consumer

70
Q

What are the disadvantages of circular economy?

A

-Time consuming to set up
-Developing countries don’t have the resources for technology needed

Geography (9 decks)

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