Globalisation Flashcards
What is globalisation?
The increasing integrations of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods , services and capital across borders. There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions
What is time-space compression?
Theory that heightened connectivity changes our conception of time. Including that travel times fall due to new inventions
-Also known as the ‘shrinking world effect’
What are the positives of globalisation?
-Tweets + retweets about natural disasters
-New e services are together
-Capitalism spreading into former communist countries
-Governments are more cautious about immigration
What are the negatives of globalisation?
-Worlds rich are employing the worlds poor
-Transnational companies are more powerful that national governments
What types of technology are on the specification?
-Phone
-GPS
-Social networks
-Streaming services
-Internet
-Online banking
-Emails
-News apps
How does technology create technologies?
-Far reaching air travel
-GPS
-Communications with people in different places
-Planes + trains access more places
-Radio
-Online banking so people purchase more
How has easy jet created global connections?
-Uses internet to book flights to access a wider audience
-People buying goods/services whilst on holiday
What places do easy jet fly to?
-Greek islands
-Near the middle east
-300 flight routes within the EU
-North Africa
What are the benefits of cheap air travel?
-World is shrinking so it is easier and cheaper to travel
-Causing a growth in tourism
-Usually offer a variety of locations
-Originally only cost £29 one way
What is a tariff?
A tax imposed on imports
What is a subsidy?
Financial assistance to a business by the government to make it competitive or prevent collapse
What is a quota?
A limit on the quantity of a good a country allows into the country
What is protectionism?
Policies to protect businesses and workers in a country by restricting/regulating trade with foreign nations
What is a free-market economy?
A market economy based on supply and demand with little to no government control
What is free trade?
Governments don’t interfere with imports or exports
What is privatisation?
Transferring ownership of a public service into private ownership run for profit
What is neoliberalism?
A political philosophy of free markets, making trade easier will lead to more of it which will increase wealth and reduce poverty
What is a trade bloc?
Voluntary international organisations that exist for trading purposes which brings greater economic strength and security to nations that occur
-encourage free trade and removes tariffs
How did the UK globalise?
-Used free market liberalisation
-Privatisation, allowing foreign investors a stake in privatised services
-Encouraging business start ups, lowering business taxes and changing laws so local and foreign businesses make more profit
How did China globalise?
-Higher wages. $40 a day in 2015
-Is now the largest economy and 400 million escaped poverty
-Transformed into an urban and industrialised nation
-Open door policy in 1978
-One child policy to limit population growth
-Free trade
-No social networks
-Quotas = only 34 foreign policies per year
What is the European union?
A multi governmental organisation with its own currency and shared political legislation
-Removed most national borders in 1985
-Help countries declare independence
What is the ASEAN?
Association of South East Asian nations
-Eliminate tariffs for free trade
-Help develop into a single market economy
How can we measure globalisation?
-Flights going in and out
-Imports and exports
-Amount of TNC’s in the area
What is the Koff Index?
An index of globalisation produced by the Swiss economic institute, uses economic, social and political globalisation
What is the A.T Kearney Index?
An index of globalisation based on political engagement, person contact, technological connectivity and economic integration
What does switched off mean?
Places poorly connected and isolated from global networks due to conflict or political instability
What causes isolation of globalisation?
-Climate change
-Lack of skills
-Politically isolated
What is glocalisation?
When a company slightly adapts their product to suit the country’s wants and needs
-e.g green tea mcflurry
Astrazeneca case study:
-One of the largest pharmaceutical companies
-Employs 83,000 people
-In over 100 countries across 6 continents
-Open 24/7 due to different time zones
-Mostly manufacture in India due to cheap labour but still educated
Biggest TNC’s around the world:
-JP morgan chase
-Saudi arabian oil
What is global shift?
Movement of manufacturing to recently industrialised countries
What is outsourcing?
Obtaining goods/services by contract from an outside supplier
Outsourcing in India:
-Many fluent in English
-Earn good wages, 3500 rupees per week
-24 shopping malls and night clubs in Bangalore
-Exploitation
-Boring and repetitive work
-E.g. Dell, Yahoo, Intel
-Widens gap between poor and rich
Outsourcing in China:
-Banks are some of the worlds largest TNC’s
-Poverty fell from 60% in 1990 to 16% in 2005
-Large income gains
-More can afford cards 1/100 to 1/5
-Exploitation, sweatshops
What are the environmental costs of global shift?
-Air pollution
-Water pollution
-Land degradation
-Over-exploitation of resources
-Loss of biodiversity
What is a displaced person?
Refugees/asylum seekers are forced to leave, they have temporary stay then are sent back to their own country or they are granted permanent stay
What is a voluntary migrant?
Either a permanent or temporary stay for work, apply for a citizenship if this is rejected they are deported
What is an illegal migrant?
Either a voluntary move for work or part of organised crime, they live until discovered before forced deportation
What is an asylum seeker?
Someone seeking refuge in another country due to fear for their life
What is a refugee?
Someone forced to leave their country because their life is in danger
What is an intervening obstacle?
A challenge a migrant faces which may make the migration process more difficult
Migration in Mumbai:
-Host of many major industries
-12th largest city in the world
-Handle large amounts of cargo due to large port
-Have 2 main ports and do over a 1/3 of the countries trade
-Population more than doubled since 1970
Migration in Karachi:
-People move for economic reasons
-Population growth of 60%
-Housing demand exceeds availability
-10/12 people living in one room dwellings
What a global hub?
One area with many connections
Positives of western culture:
-Coming from developed countries
-Many big brands
-Democracy
-Freedom of speech
-Businesses appeal to larger markets
Negatives of western culture:
-Changing diets (worse)
-Low quality food
-Consumerism
-Islamophobia
-Increase in waste
What is development?
The improvement of quality of life (level of happiness, well being, contentment) of a countries population.
Social ways to measure development:
-Infant mortality
-Life expectancy
-Calories per day
-% of urban population
-HDI (life expectancy, average years of schooling, GNI)
-GII (reproductive health, women participation in workplace, empowerment)
Economic ways to measure development:
-GDP
-PPP (comparing economic development between countries)
What is post-accession migration?
Immediately after 2004, eastern European countries migrated e.g Poland
What is diaspora?
A group of people from another country migrating
What are the positives of migration in London?
-Leads to a richer and more tolerant country
-Benefits innovative and economic prospects of the country
-Increases diversity
What are the negatives of migration in London?
-Concerning Islamophobia
-Tensions
-Ghettoisation
What is censorship?
Restriction of certain information
Examples of internet censorship in China:
-Nearly 70 years run by the communist party
-Google withdrew its services in 2010
-Facebook, Twitter and YouTube are unavailable
-The ‘Great Firewall of China’
Examples of migration control in the UK:
-Five tier point system to control migration
-EU migrants have free movement
-UK government said to pledge and cut migration to 100,000 per year
What is a transition town?
A settlement where individuals and businesses have adopted a ‘bottom up’ initiative with the aim of making their community more sustainable and less reliant on global trade
What is sustainability?
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
What is social sustainability?
All individuals should enjoy a reasonable quality of life
What is economic sustainability?
Individuals and communities should have access to reliable income over time
What is environmental sustainability?
No lasting damage should be done to the environment
What is local sourcing?
Producing things locally in order to save transport costs and negative environmental impacts
What is a transition town?
Todmorden 2008
-Grow crops locally
-Use locals skills and talents
-Saves money
-Improves environment
What are the costs of local sourcing?
-Increase in pollution in the local country
-Ethical issues due to close supplier connections
What are the benefits of local sourcing?
-May be cheaper as it saves transport costs
-Less pollution from transport
What is circular economy?
Designing products smartly with their whole life circle in mind
-Re-using, recycling, repairing
What is ethical purchase?
A financial exchange where the consumer has considered social and environmental costs of production
What is RanaPlaza?
-Building collapsed
-2500 injured
-1135 died
-Generators were vibrating
-Building had 3 too many stories
-Wasn’t supposed to be industrial was supposed to be commercial
-Didn’t have the resources to rescue people
-Mental health issues
-Protests
-Set up ACCORD which is a legally binding agreement in Bangladesh to ensure safety laws are met in the textiles industry
What are the advantages of circular economy?
-Uses less energy
-Boosts economy
-Reduces pollution
-Cheaper for consumer
What are the disadvantages of circular economy?
-Time consuming to set up
-Developing countries don’t have the resources for technology needed
