EQ1: How do population structures vary? Flashcards
What is natural change?
The outcome balance of births and deaths in a population
What is social housing?
Provides accommodation at affordable rents to people on low incomes
What is sub-urbanisation?
The outward spread of the built-up area
What is gentrification?
A change in social status, where former working class inner-city areas are increasingly occupied by the middle class
What is assimilation?
The process by which people of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds come to interact and intermix free of constraints
What is social isolation?
A complete or nearly complete lack of contact with people in society
What is perception?
An individuals or groups picture of reality resulting from the information they’ve recieved
What is a low income household?
Those earning 60% or less than the average household income
What is sense of place?
An overarching impression encompassing the general ways in which people feel about places
What is counter-urbanisation?
The movement of people from major cities to smaller settlements and rural areas
What is the difference between Great Britain, the UK and the British Isles?
-Great Britain = Scotland, England, Wales
-UK = Great Britain and Northern Ireland
-British Isles = UK, Republic of Ireland, Isle of Man, Channel Islands
How does the physical environment affect population density?
-Fairly flat areas are used for residential building
-These areas are neglected until there is a need for housing
How does socio-economic status affect population density?
-Richer people live in suburban houses with low population densities
-Often move west to escape pollution
-Pollution blows to the east where poorer and densely populated areas are located
How does dwelling type and household size affect population density?
-A high rise flat building for a high population density will generate a higher population density
How does functions affect population density?
-Population densities will be lower where housing is internalised with non-residential activities as they have a negative impact on quality of life in an area
-These areas are avoided by low density, expensive housing and instead is occupied by higher density, cheaper housing
How does planning affect population density?
-Green belts can control urban growth
-Planners control the density of all new residential developments
-Planners and the government policies on housing has significant impacts on the housing and population densities
How has the UK’s population changed between 2001-2011
-Higher dependency ratio as there are more people of adult age
-More people are living longer, females are living longer than males
-Slight decrease in birth rate
-Much larger elderly population
Why are family sizes decreasing in the UK?
-Access to contraception
-Fall in infant mortality rate
-Emancipation = women set free from control and can get an education
-Divorce is normalised and easier
What is the rural population structure like?
-Low population density
-Low fertility rate
-Only touched by internal migration
-Ageing population
-Higher mortality rate
-Very little ethnic diversity
What is the urban population structure like?
-Highly populated, high population density
-Higher fertility rate
-Faces international migration
-Younger population structure
-Lower mortality rate
-Better healthcare availability
-More ethnically diverse
How are urban and rural population structures similar?
-Face internal migration
-Both experience population changes
-Both may have a population of a commuter village
Why do Jesmond and Elswick have different population characteristics?
-Jesmond is aimed at higher incomes
-Jesmond is targeted at students
-Elswick has a reputation which was hard to get rid of
-Types of housing
-Migration
-Ethnicity
What are the characteristics of London commuter villages?
-Growing population
-Even gender
-Faces migration
-Jobs above the primary sector
-Modern
-Economically active adults
-Largely white British
Examples: Stock, Essex and Penshurst, Kent
What are the characteristics of remote Welsh villages?
-Stagnant/declining population
-Uneven gender
-Very little gender
-Mostly jobs in the primary/secondary
structure
-Derelict
-High elderly population, low children
-Overwhelmingly white British
Examples: Parc, Gwynedd and Hirant, Powys
Why has the UK’s population changed overtime?
-The South East has rising economic prosperity as the global centre of finance and business
-The Midlands and North of England faced the decline of the manufacturing industry
-North of Scotland used to house the fortunes of the oil and gas industry
-Large population growth in mid-Wales due to closure of the mining industry in the South
How has the UK’s population changed?
-Population is evening out, North and South drift is possibly over
-Reached over 65 million, in the last 50 years has grown by 10 million
What is social clustering?
People having a preference of who they live with/near to and aim to have a shared identity
-It is usually a choice rather than by chance
-Social clusters involve: specialist shops selling preferred food, places of worship and restaurants
-Some of these communities offer support against racism
-Modern day, these communities focus on the economic benefits that these clusters offer
-E.g. large Hindu community in Wembley
How do key cities and physical features affect cultural diversity?
-People move to be near jobs and cities
-Upland areas have a small migrant population because there are few job opportunities (E.g. East Devon)
-Areas close to key entry points and airports attract migrants
-High migrant population in the North and West as the government moved them there due to overcrowding
How does government policies affect cultural diversity?
-Many migrants moved to fill job vacancies in London after WW2
-UK attracts many migrants due to free movement from the EU
-Many move for economic reasons to benefit from the economy and businesses
What regional factors affect Jesmond?
-The houses were traditionally built to house factory owners and those with better paid jobs in the city centre
-Many businesses are located there e.g solicitors, accountants, dentists and medical practises
-High student population renting property through the process of studentification
-Regular bus services and metros
What national factors affect Jesmond?
-High rates of migration aged 16-21 moving for educational reasons and university
-Many graduates moving out causing a brain drain
-Attracts many students due to the fact that Newcastle University is a Russel Group
-Many visitors attracted to Jesmond for the hotels as well as bed and breakfasts
What international factors affect Jesmond?
-Majority of the population were born in the UK, only 10.4% were born outside the UK
-89.4% of the population is white
-5.6% of migration from Asia
-54% of the population are not religious, 32.6% are christian
What regional factors affect Elswick?
-Has a reputation of being a deprived area
-Has an unemployment rate of 30%, many arson and drug related crimes all shaping the area
-Faced growth in 1847 due to the manufacturing industry
-Housing consisting of flats and terraced housing to accommodate the workforce of the manufacturing industry in the 1900s
What national factors affect Elswick?
-Has connections with Newcastle Central Station
-The railway faced extension to Carlisle
-Faced rapid population of growth from 300 to 59,165 in 1901 when Armstrong’s factory offered jobs in the manufacturing industry
-There was a home office contract offered to people seeking asylum 1999-2011
What international factors affect Elswick?
-Large range of diverse communities
-56.6% of residents were born in the UK, 43.4% were born outside of the UK
-The population is mostly white (43.5%) but 35.2% is Asian and 9.7% is African
-37.3% of the population are Muslim, 34.3% are christian and 20.4% have no religion
What are the positive impacts of migration for Jesmond?
-High net flows of 16-21 year olds bringing many qualifications and skills with them
-Many larger houses are being split and rented to students to prevent dereliction in the area
-Many firms set up in Jesmond which is attracting workers seeking tertiary and quaternary sector jobs
-International students contribute to the culture which is already not very diverse
What are the negative impacts of migration for Jesmond?
-Rising housing populations due to high student population
-The brain drain is creating a skills gap
-Possibilities of the area developing a bad reputation due to the large young population and the noise coming from the nightlife
-Over development of rental market is leading to loft conversions which increase the price of property making it harder to own a house on a lower income
What are the positive impacts of migration for Elswick?
-Lots of ethnic diversity in the area with many different cultures and religions
-If migrants are moving for economic reasons, once they have an income they will contribute to the local businesses
What are the negative impact of migration for Elswick?
-May be social tensions due to the large amounts of ethnic diversity if residents struggle to agree on certain viewpoints
-Pressure on travel services due to the closeness of the city centre where people are reliant on buses and they become full quickly due to the high population
Key statistics about Jesmond:
-30 minute walk from the city centre
-As of 2022, 1/10 out of 26,000 students at Northumbria University lived in Jesmond
-Many shops lining Acorn Road, Clayton Road and Jesmond Road
-57.6% of the population have a level 1,2 or 3 qualification and 38.4% have a level 4 or above
-Population of 10,600 but parking schemes and noise controls have been put in place to reduce overpopulation
-62.6% of the population are full time students
-Jesmond Dene offers a large green space for leisure as well as a playground and petting zoo for children
Key statistics about Elswick?
-68.2% of Elswick are not students
-37.9% of the population have no qualifications
-53.4% of the population are economically inactive
-£265 million is being invested into a project to provide 1,800 affordable homes with open spaces
-The local council is trying to ensure residents safety and have installed CCTV systems, entry systems, security patrols on shopping centres and carried out legal evictions
-‘Your Homes Newcastle’ was a scheme aiming to revamp Cruddas Park making it a better place for residents to live and renamed it Riverside Dene
