globalisation Flashcards
long term migrant
a person who moves to another country for at least 1 year
short term migrant
a person who moves to another country for at least 3 months, but less than a year
international migration
the movement of people away from their place of usual residence and across an international border to a country of which they are not nationals
net migration
the difference between the number of emigrants and the number of immigrants
the two categories for immigrants in the uk
- eu nationals
- no eu nationals
economic migrant
a person who migrates to seek a better standard of living or to escape poverty
refugee
a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution or natural disaster. they have legal rights in their destination country
asylum seeker
a person who has fled their home country but does not have refugee status in their destination country
intra regional flows
migration within a region
eg within the eu
inter regional flows
migration outside of a region (eg eu national migrating to Australia)
multiplier effect
the snowballing of economic activity, triggering by investment which causes an increase in employment and therefore spending. alternatively, when industry decline in an area causing unemployment and degradation
brain drain
when, relative to the population size, a large number of highly educated or skilled people emigrate
immigration
people arriving in their destination country
emigration
people leaving their country of origin
cumulative causation
the process of self sustaining economic growth in a city or region, triggered by an initial investment which acts as a catalyst for further development
globalisation
the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world economically, socially, politically and culturally
diaspora
the spread or dispersion of people from their country of origin
migrant remittances
money sent home by migrants to family members in their country of origin
push factor
negative factors in a migrant’s country of origin
pull factor
perceived advantages to a migrant of their destination country
nation state
a political community bound together by citizenship and nationality
nation
- a group of people who self identify as belonging to a group or community
- may be characterised by political or religious ideas, language, territory of culture
sovereignty
- absolute and unlimited power and authority
- in the uk, parliament is sovereign
- one of the main anti eu arguments stems from the threat of eu laws having sovereignty over parliament
- nations are reluctant to surrender sovereignty to international bodies
features of a nation
- self identifying community that doesn’t necessarily have sovereignty
- not necessarily recognised by the international community
not necessarily possessing a state (eg Kurds) - defined territory not needed
- nations can live in more than one state
features of state
- political entity with sovereignty
- recognised by the international community
- could contain more than one nation (eg the uk)
- defined territory needed
- states cannot cross the boundaries into other states
- a state can have sovereignty of absolute power over somewhere and conflict is often based on competing claims (eg Falkland Islands, Kashmir)
the four elements a state must have
- permanent population
- functioning and effective government
- defined territory
- recognition by other nation states
examples of nations that are not nation states
- Wales
- Scotland
- Bretons (France)
- Bavarians (Germany)
what barriers prevent nations becoming nation states
- cultural differences
- government corruption
- undefined territory
- transient population
causes of failed states
- failed governments as a result of colonialism
- war (can cause famine)
- lack of sovereignty
- lack of control of their own natural resources
effects of failed states
- civil war
- poverty
- lack of social services and infrastructure
- ethnic cleansing
- lack of focus on sustainability
- houses and businesses destroyed
responses to failed states
- un interventions
- ngos
- emergency responses (health, food, clean water)
Tuvalu (island on the front line of climate change)
- increased frequency in flooding
- likely uninhabitable by 2050
- 1/3 of Tuvaluans live in New Zealand
- salt water is killing crops and destroying fertile land, most food has to be exported and is too expensive
- they may loose their culture, way of life and language therefore by extension their identity
globalisation flows - information, technology and capital
- cheap, reliable and near instantaneous communication globally allows information and capital to be shared
- money flows electronically around the world, HICs invest in LICs to take advantage of cheaper production costs
- technology largely ignores political boundaries when connecting people
- countries (eg india) provide a range of financial and IT services for HICs (outsourcing)
globalisation flows - products and labour
- global transport systems have never been cheaper and more efficient in moving people and goods
- tourists travel to far away places and are encouraged by global marketing
- people move around the world for employment (eg specialist workers)
- high speed rail networks and international transport hubs
globalisation flows - patterns of production, distribution and consumption
- TNCs dictate where their products are made, it is usually where labour costs are cheaper in LICs
- products are distributed around the world to meet the demand of consumers in HICs
globalisation flows - services and global marketing
- TNCs use the same adverts to advertise their products in different parts of the world
marketing is now globalised, it uses international strategies to deliver inter continental imagery and messages - services follow the flows of capital, information, people and products
globalisation flows/effects
- the world has never been more accessible; there are new opportunities and threats (eg the spread of disease)
- global financial systems: banks and financial services operate globally, they are linked together by vital transmission systems that allow the lending and flow of money
- Eg the 2007 collapse of US house prices led to a credit squeeze and the a global banking crisis
- trade agreements without global trading rules, would resist some foreign exploits whilst favouring others (eg WTO 1994)
security: as national barriers become less of a barrier to a more mobile and well informed population, trading security measures have been reduced in relative significance - high profile leaks of sensitive information have brought the issue of cyber security to prominence due to a reliance on information systems
- in the uk, the average cost of the most severe online security breaches for big corporations start at £15million
