global shift excludong detroit eq2 Flashcards
cumulative causation; what does introduction to a new industry lead to…
more jobs>trained labour>skilled workforce>demand for services>bigger population>bigger disposable income>tertiary sector growth> innovation
what is the global shift
the movement of a particular economic activity from developed to developing countries
what has encouraged the global shift to occur
-cheap labour
-cheap air travel- products moved easily
- development of fibre optics
-FDI
-outsourcing and offshoring
-containerisation
-SEZs
-trade liberisation
whats deprivation
the lack of material benefits and services considered to be basic necessities in a society
examples of push factors
poor weather
high house prices
rising crime
eg of pull factors
better weather
lower house prices
more relaxed lifestyle
whats a refugee
someone who has a well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of ….
-race
-religion
-nationality
-membership of a social group
-political opinion
they are outside of their own country and unable to seek protection from their own country
whats an asylum seeker
a person who wishes to be classified as a refugee
what are the 3 ways urban areas grow
- natural increase (60%)
-migration (30%)
-reclassification of rural areas (10%)
what is centripetal migration and what can it lead to
centripetal migration= the movement of people directed towards the centre of urban areas-can lead to squatter settlements
lees push and pull theory, what are intervening obstacles of people getting to a location
- not obtaining visas
-not speaking the right language
-family pressure to stay
what population do megacities have
over 10 mil and above
Karachi case study and its pull factors
-most populated city in Pakistan
-financial centre
-port city
pull factors:
-good universities- specialise in tertiary and quaternary
-FDI
-software companies
mumbai case study and push factors towards it
-India, coast
-many international brands so FDI
-economic development, global shift in manufacturing and telecommunications
push factors:
bad crop yield
poor quality of life
low literacy rates
little infrastructure
internal migration
migration within a nation
elite migrants
highly skilled and affluent migrants- sought after
low wage migrant
cheap labour workers who come to fill manual labour shortages
economic migrant
migrants who move for economic purposes
international migrants
migration between countries
elite migrants Russian Oligarchs facts
- 35% of foreign purchases of residential property were Russian
-2004-2013 they contributed around £250bn in loans
low wage migrant facts
- over 80% of UAEs population is made of migrant workers
-live on $5 a day working 12 hours with lax safety laws
source nation
places migrants leave from
where migrants come from
host nation
places migrants move
benefits for source country
-less crowding
-more housing available
-reduced unemployment rate
negatives for source country
-lose workers
-less economic activity
-decline of industry
-specialised workers lost
-less culture
-lower tax to government
benefits for host country
-gain workers
-increased industry
-diversity brought back
negatives for host country
- stresses on services
-overcrowding
-encourages exploitation of resources
cultural erosion
the changing and loss of culture eg loss of language or food
cultural diffusion
the spread of one culture to another by various means
westernisation
USA, European and North American influence on global culture
6 ways TNCs help cultural diffusion
- provide foreign goods and services
- promote consumerism- by advertising and selling western products which local people havent previously had or needed.
3.increase western brand awareness with western values - introduced western practices
- TNCs replace traditional/ local industries
- TNCs use glocalization
give an example of a country anti cultural diffusion
North Korea
give an example where global diffusion has lead to new opportunities
the Paralympics- the globalisation of sports
- people with disabilities take part
-pride events
apart from TNCs what else has helped cultural diffusion
Tourism (increase consumption and demands for western goods) and media (dominated by western TNCs)
what’s cultural imperialism
the assumption that one culture is valued more
whats soft power
a more subtle persuasion of countries to act in a particular way
how can global culture be viewed as a soft power
global culture makes countries adapt to a particular culture leading to cultural erosion within that area, it makes other countries change.
case study paupa new guinea- cultural erosion
-above Australia
-Australia took over and alienated village kin (cultural erosion)- native language failed to pass over to kin due to increasing intermarriage between different cultures
-Christianity was spread
-cultural erosion has occurred due to education, infrastructure and electricity ( as a result of globalisation)
case study tibet- cultural erosion
-region of china
60 Tibetan dialects
cultural erosion;
-ethnicity destroyed as only 1 language taught at school
-government actively block teaching of language
-traditions erased
how is cultural erosion prevented
-protection from too much change
-policies implemented
what’s development
the ways in which a country seeks to develop economically and to improve standard of living
whats the development gap
the social and economic disparity between wealthy and poor
whats PPP and what does it measure
purchasing power purity- recalculates the value of a countries goods and services- takes into consideration the costs of living and infaltion
why is the west of china switched off
due to its climate
whats income inequality
where income is unequally distributed across a population, can be displayed by the lorenz curve
whats GDP–what it measures & + vs -
.total value of good and services in a year, excludes foreign earnings
+good measure of a countries economic activity
+simple to calculate and understood by many
-doesn’t measure how money is distributed (income inequality)
-doesn’t calculate how money has been made (unfair labour)
-doesn’t account for the informal economy
whats GNI+GNP–what it measures & + vs -
.total value of good and services in a year, includes foreign earnings (e.g FDI and remittances)
+ can measure profits from TNCs overseas
+good measure of how residents contribute to the flows of goods
-not an accurate measure of economic activity due to diaspora remittances and TNC profit reparation
- fails to account for an informal economy
Whats economic sector balance–what it measures & + vs -
. measures the percentage contribution of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors to GNI and GDP
+shows how a country moves from primary to secondary to etc..
+ shows how economic sectors change as a country develops
- not all countries fit this pattern (BRIC nations)
-doesn’t take into consideration all the factors that hold economies back .g natural resources
whats HDI–what it measures & + vs -
.measures life expectancy, GNI and mean years of schooling
+combines 3 measures (both economic and social)
+can be useful to asses success of national policies
-no measures of inequalities
– doesnt include environmental performances or gender disparity
whats GII–what it measures & + vs -
.measures maternal mortality rates and women’s parliamentary representation
+highlights areas where gender inequality can be improved
+measures women’s access to information and public involvement
-quite a lot of data missing ( difficult to collect)
-some countries dont consider it important
whats world air quality index–what it measures & + vs -
.communicates to the public how polluted the air is, the higher the AQI value, the greater the health concern
50=good air quality
+ways for govs to introduce policies reducing air pollution
+ explains reasons for life expectancy variations in some countries
+explains the role of globalisation in air pollution
-doesnt take into consideration what a country is doing that will impact the future
whats environmental performance index–what it measures & + vs -
.ranks 180 countries on 24 performance indicators across 10 issue categories covering environmental health ( which rises with economic growth and prosperity) and ecosystem vitality ( comes under strain from industrialisation and urbanisation)
+ takes into consideration a countries level of economic development
_doesnt explain each of the categories and which are the highest or lowest
-doesnt include all countries
what is the lorenz curve
a curve showing the graphical distribution of wealth, the further the curve is from the 45 degree line, the more unequal the society. the area under the curve is measured using the gini coefficient (for gini coefficient 0=unequal and 1= equal)
what does the kuznets curve imply
that as a nation undergoes industrialisation and the mechanism of agriculture, the centre of the nations economy will shift to the cities creating a significant rural-urban gap
describe the graph of the kuznets curve
as per capita income increases so does env degradation due to emissions from factories up to a certain point where as per capita income increases, env degradation decreases as sustainable practices are introduced
how does globalisation lead to income inequality
the losers/ global periphery may be cut off and less able to participate in economic activity ( Detroit)
how does income inequality lead to globalisation
countries with high levels of income inequality could provide cheap sources of labour- FDI e.g china
how does income inequality lead to development
low wages make countries more attractive to FDI e.g china and India
how does development lead to income inequality
the early stages of development are likely to benefit owners of capital first e.g China
how does development lead to globalisation
with development comes technological progression which increases interconnectedness between countries
how does globalisation lead to development
better global interconnections and FDI can increase economic development
inequality is reducing between nations because
-rapid development of many LDCs (least developed countries) through trade and specialisation e.g china and india
- FDI form TNCs is helping kickstart economies-technology transfer
-reduction in trade barriers opens up emerging and developing countries markets for trade-increases exports
-has quickly boosted employment incomes and standard of living
inequality is reducing between nations more slowly than expected because
- TNC profits are leaked back to developed countries
-exploitation by TNCs
-power of TNCs can keep wages low
-lack of multiplier benefits
whats diaspora
a community of people who share a national or ethnic identity away from their homeland
what are the 3 global drivers of a culturally mixed society
-open borders (2020- london= 8 mil residents born in another country)
-deregulation-“the freedom to invest in buisnesses or transfer capital”-global flow-money & capital
-FDI- UK is driving projects in research and development attracting many TNCs
positives and negatives of migration for a host country:
-can lead to competition for jobs
-racial tension
-extra strain on services/ infrastructure
+skill gap filled
+low wage migrants can fill labour shortages
+consumerism
+help balance an ageing population
what are subsidies
grants given by governments to increase the profitability of key industries
what are administrative barriers
- make it more difficult to trade
what are embargoes
- a total ban on a good
what is liberalism
the theory of globalisation based on economic freedoms
what is neo liberalism
-a belief in the free flow of people, capital, finance and resources
how does Australia gain young immigrants
by using a point system
conflicts due to globalisation: Mekong river water conflict
-south east Asia
-involves china, laos, Thailand…
-laos is poor and 90% of its population depends on Mekong for agriculture but Thailand wants dams built for electricity
-All countries now have to agree to proposals before dams are built
-Thailand are demanding, they need energy for globalisation
conflicts due to globalisation: First nations conflict with cultural identity Canada
-Indigenous people had land taken away from them during the colonial rule.
-many cases of resource exploitation in Canada has caused conflict with traditional communities
-conflict expected to increase due to globalisation an demand for energy
ways globalisation has resulted in environmental degradation:
–transportation leads to an ^ in carbon emissions
–dereliction in certain areas (Detroit)
–resource exploitation
-deforestation
-growth of megacities
-growing global consumption
by 2050 what is food demand going to do
double
whats water footprint
-a measure of the amount of water used in the production and transport to market food economies
whats carbon footprint
the amount of co2 produced by an activity or individual
whats localism
a range of political philosophers that prioritise local over regional and global
whats ecological footprint
a measure of land and water resources that a population needs in order to produce what it consumes and absorb the waste it generates
whats sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising future generations
costs and benefits of localisation
- buying locally reduces demand for TNCs damaging LICs (harms employment end economic growth)
+locally sourced goods reduce food miles
-not much local competition so high prices for goods
+face to face communication between buyer and supplier
whats the central principal of the transition towns movement
-for a town to9 be more self sufficient and sustainable
what are transition towns
communities working together to make sure money stays in the local area
talk about the Bristol pound and the downfall of it
+ used for paying local taxes
+ 500+ business members
-wasnt economically stable
-didnt actually improve the economy
whats ethi8cal consumption
positive buying
-deliberately choosing a good ethical product
whats a circular economy
once using something you can repair or reuse it
-encourages reduced consumption
whats Fairtrade
supports 1.7 mil farmers
eliminates poverty and prevents exploitation of framers- sets minimum prices for commodities
what was the first transition town
Totness
what are the circular economies initiatives in the present day?
-clothes collection banks
-charging extra/ taxes (plastic bags)
-kerbside collections
-industrial recycling
example of a circular economy and what dose it do
keep Britain tidy.
-addresses the problem of litter
-over 1 mil bags of litter collected
positives and negatives of Fairtrade
+safe working conditions
+set (fair ) prices
-set minimum prices may discourage drive
+increased organic farming
-fees- this may be a scheme not accessible to all
-success is limited to people part of the Fairtrade community
state 3 circular economies
- Kerbside recycling -(top down)-EU recycling cut grrenhouse gas emissions by 56% (2000-2010)
-Specialist consumer recycling-(bottom up)- TRAID provides the UK public with 1,500 charity clothes banks
Industrial recycling - reduces resource consumption but limited in the products that can be recycled
Kerbside recycling pos and neg
+employment
+gets households involved in recycling
- expensive to run
-Specialist consumer recycling pos and neg
+encourages reuse
+economically sustainable
-limited on certain products
what ways do tncs promte globalisation
- offshori
