Global Shift and migration Flashcards
Give some economic benefits of the global shift
- As national revenues increase the gov can spend more on education and health
- Large Asian economies increased
- 1 billion out of poverty since 1990
Give some economic disadvantages of the global shift
- During 1970s many western factories closed as Asia industrialised
- Inner city unemployment soared in places like Sheffield so consumer wealth decreased
- Spiral of decline particularly Detroit as a result of unemployment
Give some environmental benefits of global shift
- Less pollution in home countries
- International agreements to reduce emissions
- Higher income = more money to spend on emissions
Give some environmental disadvantages of the global shift
- Adverse health problems from pollution and over-exploitation
- E.g. Dongguan, China workers in Wintek were poisoned by glass treatment
- Since 1990, Togo lost 60% of its forested area to urbanisation
- Dereliction e.g. Detroit
Give some social advantages of the global shift
- High education achievement in Singapore and Hong Kong
- Asia is leading in quaternary sector for medical services
- Mumbai’s Dharavi Slum slum is a thriving recycling industry worth £700m a year and employs 250,000 people
Give some social disadvantages of the global shift
- Rising gun crime
- Life expectancy is 30 years lower in low income US urban district
- When areas are switched off they become switched on to illegal drug flows and people trafficking
- Depopulation e.g. 1 million left Detroit since 1950
- Ethnic tension of white flight
Define ‘global shift’
The movement of economic activity
Name four factors that have accelerated global shift
- open door policies in Asia
- off-shoring, outsourcing and business start ups in emerging economies
- abandonment of unethical practices in MEDCs e.g. unequal gender pay
- severe costs to the environment
The shift began in the (1) and accelerated during the (2) as (3) production moved to (4)
1950s
1960s
Low tech
Emerging Asian tiger economies
Acceleration during the 1980s when consumer (1) flourished in Japan and again in the 1990s when it was outsourced to (2) locations in (3)
Electronics
Low wage
China
The 2008 (1) reinforced the shift because (2) between the emerging economies increased with those of developing countries experienced (3)
Financial crisis
Trade balances
Relative decline
Why would a business locate in India?
Expected to be the second largest economy in the world by 2040 and many fluent in English
Give three disadvantages of India’s call centres
Exploited workers (10hrs 6 days) Due to time zones most work is done at night Widened rich- poor divide
Give three advantages of India’s call centres
- Middle class wages
- Nightclubs testify to high spending power
- Outsourcing companies become more profitable
Define a ‘mega city’
A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people
Define a ‘World/ Global city’
A city with a major political and economic power e.g. New York
Why was 2007/8 a tipping point?
Over 50% of global population lived in an urban area
By 2030, the urban population will be (1) which is (2)% of the global population
50% of the current population are aged (3)
By 2030, Asia’s urban population is estimated from 1.4bn to (4)
Africa’s urban figures expected to rise to (5)
5 billion 60 -25 2.6 billion 750 million
Give two reasons for the growth in urban population
- rural to urban migration
- natural increase
Give some examples of push/ pull factors
- access to services
- job opportunities
- QoL and SoL
- transport links
- natural disaster risk
- exposure of war
- access to food
- entertainment facilities
- remittances
- sanitation
Mumbai in India Population of (1) in 2015, the (2) market caters for the (3) and provides retail jobs hosting international brands like (4)
22 million
Colaba causeway
Emerging middle class
Starbucks and Hilton
Mumbai: Home to (1) lots of (2) migration as there is a lack of infrastructure especially in (3) as farming is unreliable due to (4)
Tara steel and Bollywood
Rural to urban
Uttar and Pradesh
Common crop failure
Karachi, Pakistan:
Population of (1) in 2015, rural to urban migration especially from (2) provinces due to (3)
Most (4) city in Pakistan, seeks (5) migrants for work in (6)
24 million Punjab and Sindh Poverty and unreliable crops Populous Internal Retail and banking
Karachi, Pakistan
Port city so centre for (1)
Excellent universities specialising in (2)
Trade and industry
Engineering, medics, business and technology
Define ‘economic migrant’
A migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment but already have a job and are looking for better or more regular pay
Define ‘urbanisation’
An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
Define ‘centripetal migration’
Moving towards the centre of an urban area
Describe the case study of Russian oligarchs in Londongrad
- Soviet Union dissolved in 1990 and became Commonwealth of Independent states
- oligarch is a Greek term given because of the businessmen who get a lot of wealth from taking soviet-era industries who gain influence from wealth
- many bought homes in wealthiest boroughs of London and called it Londongrad
- acquired controlling interests in European companies e.g. Chelsea FC
Describe the case study of low wage economic migration in Dubai
- Not an Arab state because fewer than 1/8 are UAE citizens
- 2005, Indian Industrialist Sherry paid $12.25 million to buy 100th floor of skyscraper
- S.Asian guest workers make up more than 60% and work 12hr shifts for $5 a day
- Workers trapped in UAE by debts in source country which paid for work visas
- Motivation for migration to send remittances
Poor global migrants are not welcome to (1) Europe in the same way as (2) and are sometimes exploited by (3) who take their life savings in exchange for (4) while globalisation has made freedom of movement easier it is not accessible for all e.g. Burmese into (5)
Fortress Elite migrants People traffickers Passage Thailand
Approx (1) million migrants from the Philippines have arrived in (2) since (3) when rising (4) prices brought wealth to the country. Many work in (5) and some as nurses in (6) around (7) returns as remittances despite reports of ill treatment to migrant workers
1.5 Saudi Arabia 1973 Oil Construction and transport Riyadh $7billion
Give four environmental problems of mega-cities
Excessive waste
Pressures on water supply and quality
Deep eco-footprints
Air pollution
Give six social mega city problems
Disease epidemics Overcrowding Widespread poverty Segregation Noise pollution Pressure on waste management
Give three social-environmental mega city problems
Lack of green spaces
Traffic congestion
Urban sprawl
Describe a global hub
Switched on places that posses qualities that is attractive for other places to links to
World cities e.g. London
Hub e.g. Bangalore
Describe global hubs
Generally host TNCs and tend to have increasingly diverse culture as flows of people, finance, trade and ideas converge in them
